Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences The University of Georgia 2009 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences UDC(uak)(479)(06) k-144 3 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences EDITOR IN CHIEF Julieta Andghuladze EDITORIAL BOARD Edward Raupp Batumi International University Giuli Alasania The University of Georgia Janette Davies Oxford University Ken Goff The University of Georgia Kornely Kakachia Associate Professor Michael Vickers The University of Oxford Manana Sanadze The University of Georgia Mariam Gvelesiani The University of Georgia Marina Meparishvili The University of Georgia Mark Carper The University of Alaska Anchorage Natia Kaladze The University of Georgia Oliver Reisner The Humboldt University Sergo Tsiramua The University of Georgia Tamar Lobjanidze The University of Georgia Tamaz Beradze The University of Georgia Timothy Blauvelt American Councils Tinatin Ghudushauri The University of Georgia Ulrica Söderlind Stockholm University Vakhtang Licheli The University of Georgia 4 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences Printed at The University of Georgia Copyright © 2009 by the University of Georgia. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, in any form or any means, electornic, photocopinying, or otherwise, without prior written permission of The University of Georgia Press. No responsibility for the views expressed by authors in the Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences is assumed by the editors or the publisher. Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences is published annually by The University of Georgia. Georgia, Tbilisi, 0175. M. Kostava Street 77 a, Building V. Tel: (+995 32) 24 11 44, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Copyright © 2009 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences The Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 1512-3677 5 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences The purpose of the Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences is to publish re- ports of original research, reviews, and articles of importance to the peoples of the Caucasus region and to the people who has interest, and who work on this region. The CJSS should stimulate, communicate research, critical think- ing, and develop modern trends in social sciences. The CJSS should raise is- sues that have not been covered yet and need to be analyzed from the scientific point of view. AREAS OF INTEREST The Journal considers papers for publication that deal with academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. These include, among oth- ers, anthropology, archaeology, economics, education, geography, history, in- formation science, international relations, law, linguistics, politics, psychology, public health, and sociology. Papers in the humanities and other disciplines will be considered if they are related in some way to one or more of these dis- ciplines. LANGUAGE The CJSS is published in English Language. Authors should provide man- uscripts in English with Georgian and English abstracts (120 words). DUPLICATE SUBMISSIONS Authors should submit articles that have not been previously published, except that articles previously published only in Georgian or Russian may be submitted in English. Authors should submit only articles that have not also been submitted to other journals. PEER REVIEW Articles selected for preliminary consideration by the Editor will be sent to subject matter experts for review. Names of authors and reviewers are kept confidential. FREQUENCY Initially, the Journal will be published once per year. If the quantity and quality of submissions permit, the Journal may be published more frequently. ADVERTISING The Journal will accept advertising that is appropriate for academic jour- nals. No advertisements of a political or offensive nature will be accepted. 6 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences STYLE The Journal articles should be submitted in APA Style (American Psy- chological Association). The Publication Manual of the American Psycholog- ical Association is the style manual of choice for writers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences. It provides invaluable guidance on all aspects of the writing process, from the ethics of authorship to the word choice that best reduces bias in language. 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For more information visit the Official Website of American Psychologi- cal Association or Publication Manual of the American Psychological Associ- ation, 5 Edition. 7 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences Volume 2, Issue 1, December 2009 Table of Contents Khatuna Maisashvili The Question of Ideological Domination and the Georgian Printed Media in 1990-1991. 9 Edward Raupp New Research in Forecasting . 28 Kornely Kakachia Energy Security Aftermath of Russo-Georgian War: Implications for South Caucasus . 37 Savaş Genç The Role of the OECD and NGO’s in Central Asian Republics by Transforming Their Systems . 49 Nino Chikhladze Images of St Eugenios in Georgia and Cultural and Political Ties with the Empire of Trebizond . 59 Ulrica Söderlind Introduction to the Foodways of Georgia. 71 Manana Sanadze On the Descent of Grigol Bakurianisdze (the Son of Bakur). 88 Giuli Alasania From the History of the Foreign Policy of Georgian Kings in the 1st Half of the 14th Century . 104 Nino Chikovani Narrative of the United Caucasus: Political or Historical Project? . 119 8 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences Jason E. Strakes External Threats and Authoritarian Backlashes: A Retrospective on Internal Conflicts in Georgian Society After the August War . 127 Hanna Shelest Georgian-Russian Conflict and Its Influence on the Energy and Security Situation in the Black Sea – Caspian Region . 139 Nino Abakelia Ritual as a Sign and Means of Identity. 154 Barbakadze Sophio Concept of Terrorism in International Relations . 163 Asatiani Maia War, Factor of War and Humanitarian Law . 179 Ketiladze Tamar Energy Sovereignty and Security . 194 9 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences The Question of Ideological Domination and the Georgian Printed Media in 1990-1991 Khatuna Maisashvili Ilia Chavchavadze State University B ased on quantitative research methods, descriptive statistics and factor analysis, the article aims to show the extent of the ques- tion of the ideological domination in the Georgian media of the early 1990s after their coming out from Soviet censorship, after passing through the glasnost period and having pretension to be free in Independent Georgian nation-state. ideologiuri dominaciis sakiTxi da qarTuli beWduri media. 1990-1991 wlebi xaTuna maisaSvili ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti kk vlevis raodenobriv meTodebze, - aRweriT statistikasa da faqtorul analizze, - dayrdnobiT, winamdebare statia miznad isaxavs, warmoaCinos ideologiuri dominaciis sak- iTxis CarCoebi sabWoTa cenzurisgan TavdaRweul, glasnos- tgamovlil 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisis qarTul beWdur mediaSi, romelic Tavisuflebaze acxadebda pretenzias damoukidebel qarTul er-saxelmwifoSi. 10 Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences The Conceptual Changes in the Georgian Media during the 1990s The main question to be investigated is an attribution of the Post-Soviet Georgian media to ideological domination. It is widely known that with the gradual collapse of the Soviet-Communist system, the functioning model of the media started to be changed some years earlier prior to the official abol- ishing of the USSR. In 1987-1990, by the admission of the Soviet Government, the control of media content for political and cultural reasons changed its na- ture. This change is known under the name of glasnost. For the phenomenon of glasnost, it was characteristic to maintain the main features of the Soviet- Communist model of press. That model was characterized by a large-scale so- ciety, an atomized public, a centralized media, one-way transmission. Moreover, there was a top down perception that the receivers depend on media for identity. Media was used for manipulation and control. Glasnost partly solved the problem of the lack of coverage of tabooed themes in the late Soviet media. This circumstance (being planned or unplanned by the ini- tiators of glasnost, under their control or out of it) changed the impression about the receiver and attitude towards him. The receiver was less considered as an individual unable to act or to make a decision independently. In light of the question of ideological domination it is very important to underline that the Georgian media of the early 1990s existed in parallel to Soviet media which played an important role in the whole post-Soviet society and which provided anti-Soviet and anti-Stalinist discourses. This paradoxical ide- ological characteristic of the media highlighted the conflict between the name (Soviet) and its context, valence and directionality of the media activities (anti-Soviet and anti-Stalinist). Approximately a year earlier prior to state independence, i.e. during the period of glasnost (1989), the space of the Georgian media changed. It nar- rowed down, from the scale of the Soviet space to the new nation-state Geor- gia. The ‘Soviet homeland’ was divided into different components in the Georgian public conscience and reflected in identical duality, here and there, ours and theirs. The media had to create the definition of a nation and nation-