Aalborg Universitet National and Transnational Identities Turkish Organising Processes and Identity Construction in Denmark, Sweden and Germany Jørgensen, Martin Bak Publication date: 2009 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Jørgensen, M. B. (2009). National and Transnational Identities: Turkish Organising Processes and Identity Construction in Denmark, Sweden and Germany. Institut for Historie, Internationale Studier og Samfundsforhold, Aalborg Universitet. Spirit PhD Series No. 19 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: November 28, 2020 SPIRIT Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Fibigerstraede 2-97 DK-9220 Aalborg East Phone: +45 9940 7195 Fax: +45 9635 0044 Mail: [email protected] National and Transnational identities: Turkish identity in Denmark, Sweden and Germany Martin Bak Jørgensen SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no. 19 ISSN: 1903-7783 © 2009 Martin Bak Jørgensen National and Transnational identities: Turkish identity in Denmark, Sweden and Germany SPIRIT – Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Denmark SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no. 19 ISSN 1903-7783 Published by SPIRIT & Department of History, International and Social Studies Aalborg University Distribution Download as PDF on http://spirit.ihis.aau.dk/ Front page lay-out Cirkeline Kappel The Secretariat SPIRIT Fibigerstraede 2, room 97 Aalborg University DK-9220 Aalborg East Denmark Tel. + 45 9940 7195 Fax. + 45 9635 0044 E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://spirit.ihis.aau.dk/ PhD Dissertation National and Transnational Identities: Turkish Organising Processes and Identity Construction in Denmark, Sweden and Germany by Martin Bak Jørgensen Supervisor Professor, dr.phil. Ulf Hedetoft 2008, Aalborg University SPIRIT, Aalborg University AMID, Academy for Migration Studies in Denmark ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................vi Chapter 1. Introduction and Research Questions ................................................... 7 Introduction ........................................................................................... 7 Research position..................................................................................... 9 Research design...................................................................................... 10 Research strategy and organisation .............................................................. 12 Structure of chapters ............................................................................... 20 Chapter 2. Outlining a Theoretical Framework and State of the Art ........................... 23 Introduction .......................................................................................... 23 Challenges to the nation-state .................................................................... 23 Citizenship and conceptions of nationhood ..................................................... 26 Studies on integration, institutional arrangements and citizenship......................... 32 Studies on immigrant organisations, participation and mobilisation........................ 42 Shortcomings and future research perspectives................................................ 49 Chapter 3. A theoretical, contextual and operationalised framework ......................... 53 Introduction and structure of chapter ........................................................... 53 Citizenship and integration regimes.............................................................. 58 Coupling citizenship, integration and welfare state arrangements ......................... 65 Conceptualising transnationalism................................................................. 69 Shortcomings in the political opportunity structure approach............................... 74 Migrant collective organising processes.......................................................... 85 Chapter 4. Methodological Reflections .............................................................. 91 Introduction .......................................................................................... 91 Research strategy – a cross-national study ...................................................... 95 Selecting cases – why Denmark, Sweden and Germany? ...................................... 97 Data generation process and types of data ....................................................105 Chapter 5. The case of Denmark – a self-contradictory ethnic model of civic integration? .......................................................................................119 Immigration to Denmark...........................................................................119 Political and discursive opportunity structures................................................123 The Danish case – a self-contradictory ethnic model of civic integration? ...............142 Chapter 6. The case of Sweden – from assimilation to multiculturalism to antidiscrimination to …? ..............................................................................145 Immigration to Sweden ............................................................................145 The field-specific opportunity structures in Sweden .........................................151 Chapter 7. The case of Germany – from Ausländerpolitik to Zuwanderungsgesetz .........169 iii Immigration to Germany ..........................................................................169 The field-specific opportunity structures in Germany........................................174 Chapter 8. The interplay between political and discursive opportunity structures and Turkish organising processes in Denmark, Sweden and Germany ..............................195 Introduction .........................................................................................195 Organisational patterns in Denmark – a general outline .....................................195 General organisational patterns in Sweden ....................................................219 General organisational patterns in Germany...................................................239 Conclusion – national claims making, political opportunity structures and the transnational challenge............................................................................264 Naturalisation and dual citizenship..............................................................268 Chapter 9. The construction of collective identities.............................................277 Introduction .........................................................................................277 Chapter 10. The development of transnational social spaces and transnational identity .................................................................................301 Introduction .........................................................................................301 Transnational opportunity structures in Denmark, Sweden and Germany ...............302 Turkish transnational opportunity structures ..................................................306 Summing up – theoretical outcomes of transnational social spaces........................341 Chapter 11. Conclusion and future outlook........................................................349 Introduction .........................................................................................349 Appendix A – List of organisations ........................ Fejl! Bogmærke er ikke defineret.69 Appendix B – List of interviews ......................................................................381 Appendix C – Interview guide ........................................................................385 Appendix D ..............................................................................................389 References ..............................................................................................393 English abstract ........................................................................................423 Dansk resumé ...........................................................................................429 iv List of Figures and Tables Figures Figure 2.1 Typology of immigrant associations by orientation to country of origin and country of residence ............................................................................. 47 Figure 3.1 Model for collective identity construction and organising process of migrant groups ............................................................................................... 57 Figure 3.2 A two-dimensional space for situating conceptions of citizenship ........................ 59 Figure 3.3 Institutional arenas and institutional