An International Journal Nature and Science ISSN 1545-0740 Volume 7 - Number 6 (Cumulated No. 27), July 15, 2009 Marsland Press P.O. Box 21126, Lansing, Michigan 48909, the United States 525 Rockaway PKWY, #B44, Brooklyn, New York 11212, the United States http://www.sciencepub.net http://www.sciencepub.org [email protected] [email protected] 347-321-7172 Nature and Science Marsland Press http://www.sciencepub.net [email protected] Nature and Science, 2009 ISSN 1545-0740 Nature and Science The Nature and Science is an international journal with a purpose to enhance our natural and scientific knowledge dissemination in the world under the free publication principle. Papers submitted could be reviews, objective descriptions, research reports, opinions/debates, news, letters, and other types of writings that are nature and science related. All manuscripts submitted will be peer reviewed and the valuable papers will be considered for the publication after the peer review. 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Box 21126, East Lansing, Michigan 48909, The United States, (517) 349-2362 http://www.sciencepub.org i [email protected] Nature and Science ISSN: 1545-0740 Volume 7 - Number 6 (Cumulated No. 27), July 15, 2009 Cover Page, Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, All in one file CONTENTS No. / Titles / Authors page 1. Coag-flocculation kinetics and functional parameters response of Periwinkle shell coagulant (PSC) to pH variation in organic rich coal effluent medium M.C Menkiti, P.C Nnaji, O.D Onukwuli 1-18 2. Effect of phosphorus nutrition on growth and mycorrhizal dependency of Coriaria nepalensis seedlings Kiran Bargali and S.S. Bargali 19-24 3. Fertilization effects on Competitive abilities of Quercus floribunda and Cupressus torulosa seedlings Kiran Bargali 25-29 4. The allelopathic potential of bryophyte extract on seed germination and seedling growth of Bidens biternata Alka Sharma, Kiran Bargali and Neerja Pande 30-38 5. Conservation and Management Study of High Altitude Nainital Zoo (Uttarakhand) With Special Reference to Ecotourism Maya Nainwal, Narayan Singh and L. S. Lodhiyal 39-42 6. Geological Significance of Bouguer Anomalies in Harir Plain, Northwest Zagros Folds-Thrust Belt (Iraqi Kurdistan Region) Fadhil A. Ghaib, Abdulwahhab M. Al-Dawoody, and Hemin A. Koyi 43-51 7. Pre and Post Monsoon Variation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Ground Water of Angul-Talcher Region of Orissa, India Rizwan Reza, M. K. Jain and Gurdeep Singh 52-56 8. Eco-Friendly Production of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach (White Button Mushroom) Rakshita Pathak, Namita Joshi and R.R. Dwivedi 57-60 9. Bioadhesive alginate copolymers as platforms for oral delivery of insulin Mehrdad Mahkam 61-69 10. Biochemical Changes in Parasarcophaga. aegyptiaca and Argas (persicargas) persicus Haemolymph Infected With Entomopathogenic Nematode Hanan A. El-Sadawy, Afaf A. Abou-Nour, Hend A. Sobh and Saadia E.Ghally 70-81 11. Kaempferol-3-O-α-L-glucosyl (1→2) rhamnoside from Hymenophyllum crispatum Rachana Mishra and D. L. Verma 82-85 12. Pretty Algebra 86-89 S. Kalimuthu 13. Comparative tracheary elements characteristics of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. and Dacroydes edulis (G. Don) H.J. Lam growing in derived savanna and rainforest regions of Edo state, Nigeria Okoegwale. E. E, Ogie-Odia E and Idialu J. E 90-95 . For back issues of the Nature and Science, click here. Emails: [email protected]; [email protected] © 2009. Marsland Press Nature and Science, 2009;7(6), ISSN 1545-0740, http://www.sciencepub.net, [email protected] Coag-flocculation kinetics and functional parameters response of Periwinkle shell coagulant (PSC) to pH variation in organic rich coal effluent medium M.C Menkiti1, P.C Nnaji2, O.D Onukwuli1 1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, [email protected];+234 8037441882, [email protected]; +234 8063635864 2. Enugu State Water Corporation, Enugu, Nigeria, [email protected]; +234 8038679175 ABSTRACT The coag-flocculation performance of PSC as affected by pH variation in coal washery effluent has been investigated at room temperature using various dosages of unblended PSC. In addition, coag- flocculation parameters such as α, K, βBR, KR, εp and τ1/2 are determined. Turbidity measurement was employed using the nephelometric (turbidimetric) standard method while PSC preparation was adapted from the works of Fernandez-Kim. The maximum PSC performance is recorded at α of 2, K of 1.6667x10- 3 3 3 m / kg.s, dosage of 0.4 kg/m , pH of 6 and τ1/2 of 8.0s while the minimum performance is recorded at α of -5 3 3 2, K of 8.833x10 m / kg.s, dosage of 0.5kg/m , pH of 10 and τ1/2 of 218s.The minimum value of coagulation efficiency, E (%) recorded is > 95% .In general, the computed parameters lie within range of previous works .The results obtained confirmed that the theory of fast coag-flocculation holds for coag- flocculation of the coal washery effluent using the coagulant investigated and at the conditions of the experiment. [Nature and Science. 2009;7(6):1-18]. (ISSN: 1545-0740). Keywords: Coag-flocculation,Kinetics,CoalEffluent,Periwinkle shell,coagulation INTRODUCTION Traditionally ,coag-floculation is aimed at the removal of suspended colloidal particles when the stabilized colloids are aided to overcome their repulsive forces leading to the aggregation of the particles into flocs.(Ma et al ,2001;Di Terrlizzi, 1994;Edzwald,1987;O’meila, 1978) Among the factors that affect the process are raw effluent quality, temperature, pH, chemical and bacteriological parameters etc(jin,2005). Coag-flocculation may be achieved by any of the common coagulants such as alum, lime etc. The coagulation behaviors of these common coagulants have been well investigated with little or no attention given to the coag-flocculation potential of many animal and plant derivatives.