Issue 58 June 2018 Economies rights and access to work plus mini-features on: refugee-led social protection humans and animals in refugee camps Forced Migration Review (FMR) provides a forum for the From the editors regular exchange of practical hen people are forced by conflict or other circumstances to leave their experience, information and ideas Whomes, they usually also leave behind their means of economic activity and between researchers, refugees subsistence. In their new location, they may not be able, or permitted, to work and internally displaced people, to support themselves. This has wide-ranging implications not only for people’s and those who work with them. immediate earning capacity and well-being but also for community relations, It is published in English, Arabic, economic development and the capacity of future generations to lead fulfilling Spanish and French by the lives. In our main feature on Economies, authors explore the complex interactions Refugee Studies Centre of the of the constraints and opportunities involved, drawing on case-studies from Oxford Department of International around the world and highlighting the roles of new actors, new technologies and Development, University of Oxford. new – or renewed – approaches. Staff We are also pleased to include two ‘mini-features’ in this FMR, one on Refugee- Marion Couldrey & led social protection and one on Humans and animals in refugee camps. (See Jenny Peebles (Editors) the back cover if you are interested in collaborating with FMR on a mini-feature Maureen Schoenfeld (Finance – or a full feature.) and Promotion Assistant) Sharon Ellis (Assistant) We would like to thank Karen Jacobsen (Tufts University) and Khalid Koser (Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund) for their assistance Forced Migration Review as advisors to the Economies feature theme. We are also grateful to the following Refugee Studies Centre donors for their support of this issue: ESRC-AHRC (Economic and Social Research Oxford Department of International Council and Arts and Humanities Research Council) Global Challenges Research Development, University of Oxford, Fund, the Global Program on Forced Displacement of the World Bank Group, 3 Mansfield Road, Mercy Corps, UNHCR Division of Resilience and Solutions (Livelihoods Unit) and Oxford OX1 3TB, UK the Wellcome Trust. [email protected] See www.fmreview.org/economies to access the magazine, its accompanying Skype: fmreview ‘digest’ and all individual articles. A podcast of each article is also available. Tel: +44 (0)1865 281700 FMR 58 will be available in English, Arabic, Spanish and French. For printed www.fmreview.org copies, please email us at [email protected]. Disclaimer: Opinions in FMR do not Forthcoming issues (see www.fmreview.org/forthcoming) necessarily reflect the views of the • FMR 59: Twentieth anniversary of the Guiding Principles on Internal Editors, the Refugee Studies Centre Displacement (October 2018) or the University of Oxford. • FMR 60: Education (February 2019) Copyright: FMR is an Open Access Follow us on Facebook or Twitter or sign up for email alerts at publication. For details visit www.fmreview.org/request/alerts. www.fmreview.org/copyright. Marion Couldrey and Jenny Peebles Editors, Forced Migration Review ISSN 1460-9819 Front cover image: A 27-year-old Burundian refugee and former truck driver in front of his grocery shop, Kashojwa village (Nakivale Designed by: settlement), Uganda. UNHCR/Frederic Noy Art24 www.art24.co.uk Editors’ note: In selecting the cover image, we debated whether Printed by: it was too stereotypical, and if we should instead use an image reflecting new work technologies, or global organisations run by refugees, or validation of refugee qualifications… But in the end, as Oxuniprint no image could reflect all the aspects explored in this issue, we opted for this one: not only a great www.oxuniprint.co.uk photo but one that shows personal initiative in difficult circumstances. FMR International Advisors Advisors serve in an individual capacity and do not necessarily represent their institutions. Lina Abirafeh Eva Espinar Khalid Koser Kathrine Starup Lebanese American University University of Alicante GCERF Danish Refugee Council Nina M Birkeland Matthew Gibney Erin Mooney Emilie Wiinblad Mathez Norwegian Refugee Council Refugee Studies Centre UN Protection UNHCR Jeff Crisp Rachel Hastie Capacity/ProCap Richard Williams Independent consultant Oxfam Steven Muncy Independent consultant Mark Cutts Lucy W Kiama Community and Family OCHA HIAS Kenya Services International Forced Migration Review issue 58 • www.fmreview.org/economies Economies 45 Quality of work for Syrian refugees in Jordan Maha Kattaa and Meredith Byrne 4 Refugees’ right to work and access to labour markets: constraints, challenges and ways 47 The gig economy in complex refugee situations forward Abigail Hunt, Emma Samman, Dina Mansour-Ille and Roger Zetter and Héloïse Ruaudel Henrieke Max 50 The power of markets: lessons from Uganda 8 Supporting recently resettled refugees in the UK Marwa Belghazi Alison Hemberger, Sasha Muench and Chelsea Purvis 51 Livelihoods programming and its influence on 10 Integrating refugees into the Turkish labour market secondary migration Ximena V Del Carpio, Sirma Demir Seker and Ahmet Richard Mallett, Jessica Hagen-Zanker, Clare Cummings Levent Yener and Nassim Majidi 54 The shortcomings of employment as a durable 14 From refugee to employee: work integration in rural Denmark solution Martin Ledstrup and Marie Larsen Nora Bardelli 16 Integrating refugee doctors into host health-care systems Refugee-led social protection Shahla Namak, Fatin Sahhar, Sarah Kureshi, Fadya El 56 Refugee-led social protection: reconceiving Rayess and Ranit Mishori refugee assistance 19 Refugees’ engagement with host economies in Evan Easton-Calabria and Kate Pincock Uganda 59 Refugee paralegals Naohiko Omata Musenga Tshimankinda Christian 22 Refugees and host communities in the Rwandan 60 Kobciye: empowering Somali refugees in Nairobi labour market Afrah Hassan Özge Bilgili and Craig Loschmann 62 Syrian refugee-led organisations in Berlin 24 The role of rural grocery stores in refugee Jennifer Wood, Evan Easton-Calabria and Yahya Alaous reception 64 Refugee-led education in Indonesia Zachary Whyte, Birgitte Romme Larsen and Mona Thomas Brown Schaldemose 67 Lessons from LGBTIQ refugee-led community- 26 Collaboration with criminal organisations in Colombia: an obstacle to economic recovery based organisations Hester K V Moore Christopher M Hays 29 Syrian economies: a temporary boom? Ahmad Al Ajlan Humans and animals in refugee camps 30 Obstacles to refugees’ self-reliance in Germany 70 Humans and animals in refugee camps Elizabeth Ekren Benjamin Thomas White 32 The new world of work and the need for digital 71 The role of livestock in refugee-host community empowerment relations Miguel Peromingo and Willem Pieterson Charles Hoots 34 Investing in refugees: building human capital 75 Working equids in refugee camps Lili Mottaghi Patrick J Pollock 36 Towards greater visibility and recruitment of 76 Sheltering animals in refugee camps skilled refugees Lara Alshawawreh Leah Nichles and Sayre Nyce 78 Understanding risk in human–animal interactions 37 Validating highly educated refugees’ Sara Owczarczak-Garstecka qualifications 80 Animal and human health in the Sahrawi refugee Katarina Mozetič camps 39 Refugee livelihoods: new actors, new models Giorgia Angeloni and Jennifer Carr Ziad Ayoubi and Regina Saavedra 83 A field study of migration and adversity 42 The macro-economic impacts of Syrian Derek Robertson refugee aid Tobias Schillings Thank you to all FMR’s donors We are grateful to the following current and recent Refugee Council • Open Society Foundations • Oxfam • donors for their support. Platform on Disaster Displacement (PDD) • RefugePoint • Regional Development and Protection Programme for ADRA International • Better Shelter • CAMMINA (Central the Middle East • Suricatta Systems • Swiss Federal America and Mexico Migration Alliance) • Catholic Relief Department of Foreign Affairs • UN-Habitat • UNHCR Services-USCCB • Danish Refugee Council • Entreculturas • Wellcome Trust • Women’s Refugee Commission • ESRC-AHRC • Global Program on Forced Displacement of the World Bank Group • Government of the Principality of We would also like to thank those who have made Liechtenstein • Happold Foundation • Hunter & Stephanie individual donations. Even small donations help Hunt • IOM • Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign Affairs to keep FMR going, so please consider making a • Mercy Corps • Mohammed Abu-Risha • Norwegian donation: www.fmreview.org/online-giving. 4 Economies FMR 58 www.fmreview.org/economies June 2018 Refugees’ right to work and access to labour markets: constraints, challenges and ways forward Roger Zetter and Héloïse Ruaudel For refugees, the right to work and access to labour markets are key for becoming self- reliant, building their lives and securing dignity, and allowing them to contribute to their host communities. Host countries need to assess the potential for opening their labour markets to refugees, and enhancing access to decent work. The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status to labour markets. The study covered 20 of Refugees accords refugees the right to countries, including low- and middle- work1 but many host countries are reluctant income countries that together host the to allow this right. This reluctance reflects majority of the world’s refugees but also varying concerns about labour