iv-xv FM-TOC-824133 4/5/04 5:13 PM Page iv Be an Active Reader . xvi Africa Physical . R21 Asia: Political . R22 Previewing Your Pacific Rim: Physical/Political . R24 Textbook . xviii Polar Regions . R26 Scavenger Hunt . xxiii Geography Reference Handbook . GH1 Atlas . R1 How Do I Study Geography . GH2 The World: Political . R2 How Do I Use Maps and Globes? . GH4 The World: Physical . R4 Using Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams . GH11 North America: Political . R6 Geographic Dictionary . GH14 North America: Physical . R7 United States: Political . R8 United States: Physical . R10 Tools of the Historian . .Tools1 Middle America: Physical/Political . R12 Measuring Time . Tools1 South America: Political . R14 Organizing Time . Tools2 South America: Physical . R15 How Does a Historian Work? . Tools4 Europe: Political . R16 History and Geography . Tools6 Middle East Physical/Political . R18 What Is a Historical Atlas? . Tools8 Africa: Political . R20 Links Across Time . Tools10 Ancient Assyrian soldiers iv iv-xv FM-TOC-875047 10/2/06 9:16 AM Page v Contents Ancient Egyptian artwork of a funeral boat The Ancient World . 108 CHAPTER 4 The Ancient Greeks . 112 Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS Making Connections. 114 1 The Early Greeks . 116 2 Sparta and Athens . 124 3 Persia Attacks the Greeks . 131 4 The Age of Pericles . 138 Early Civilizations . 1 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 1 Greek Civilization . 150 The First Civilizations. 4 Context . 152 Previewing . 6 1 The Culture of Ancient Greece . 154 2 Greek Philosophy and History . 168 1 Early Humans . 8 3 Alexander the Great . 174 2 Mesopotamian Civilization . 16 4 The Spread of Greek Culture . 182 3 The First Empires . 26 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 2 Ancient Egypt . 34 Early India. 190 Predicting . 36 Vocabulary . 192 1 India’s Early Civilizations . 194 1 The Nile Valley . 38 2 Hinduism and Buddhism . 202 2 Egypt’s Old Kingdom . 47 3 India’s First Empires . 209 3 The Egyptian Empire . 59 4 The Civilization of Kush . 68 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 3 Early China. 220 The Ancient Israelites. 76 Text Structure . 222 Main Idea. 78 1 China’s First Civilizations . 224 2 Life in Ancient China . 232 1 The First Israelites . 80 3 The Qin and Han Dynasties . 240 2 The Kingdom of Israel . 86 3 The Growth of Judaism . 93 v iv-xv FM-TOC-824133 4/5/04 5:16 PM Page vi Tang dynasty bottle Seattle Art Museum/CORBIS New Empires The Middle Ages . 400 and New Faiths . 254 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 8 China in the Middle Ages . 404 The Rise of Rome . 258 Inferences . 406 Taking Notes . 260 1 China Reunites . .408 1 Rome’s Beginnings . 262 2 Chinese Society . 416 2 The Roman Republic . 268 3 The Mongols in China . 423 3 The Fall of the Republic . 277 4 The Ming Dynasty . 430 4 The Early Empire . 286 CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 9 Medieval Africa. 440 Roman Civilization . 298 Compare and Contrast . 442 Responding & Reflecting. 300 1 The Rise of African Civilizations . 444 1 Life in Ancient Rome . 302 2 Africa’s Government and Religion . 460 2 The Fall of Rome . 317 3 African Society and Culture . 468 3 The Byzantine Empire . 327 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 10 Medieval Japan . 480 The Rise of Christianity . 338 Cause and Effect . 482 Sequence Clues . 340 1 Early Japan . 484 1 The First Christians . 342 2 Shoguns and Samurai . 491 2 The Christian Church . 351 3 Life in Medieval Japan . 498 3 The Spread of Christian Ideas . 358 CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 11 Medieval Europe . 508 Islamic Civilization . 368 Questioning. 510 Main Idea. 370 1 The Early Middle Ages . 512 1 The Rise of Islam . 372 2 Feudalism . 522 2 Islamic Empires . 379 3 Kingdoms and Crusades . 534 3 Muslim Ways of Life . 387 4 The Church and Society . 544 5 The Late Middle Ages . 553 vi iv-xv FM-TOC-824133 7/14/04 3:53 PM Page vii Contents Richard A. Cooke/CORBIS Anasazi jewelry A Changing World . 564 What Is an Appendix? . 707 SkillBuilder Handbook . 708 Standardized Test Practice . 726 CHAPTER 16 Primary Sources Library . 736 The Americas. 568 Suggested Readings . 748 Summarizing. 570 Glossary . 750 1 The First Americans . 572 Spanish Glossary . 756 2 Life in the Americas . 582 Gazetteer . 763 3 The Fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires . 593 Index . 772 Acknowledgements and Photo Credits . 792 CHAPTER 17 The Renaissance and Reformation . 604 Analyze and Clarify . 606 1 The Renaissance Begins . 608.