The Dupuy Institute 1497 Chain Bridge Road Suite 100 McLean, VA 22101 Phone: (703) 356-1151 Fax: (703) 356-1152 Website: http://dupuyinstitute.org/ THE HISTORICAL COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS OF LIGHTER-WEIGHT ARMORED FORCES FINAL REPORT Contract Number DASW01-98-D-0058, Task Order 005 6 August 2001 Prepared for: U.S. Department of the Army Center for Army Analysis 6001 Goethals Road Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060-5230 I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Definitions .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Study Plan..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Technology ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Wheeled Tanks ............................................................................................................................................. 3 The Interim Brigade/Division ....................................................................................................................... 4 II. USE OF ARMOR IN CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS........................................................................................ 5 Presence of Armor in SSCOs........................................................................................................................ 7 Size of Armor Forces in SSCOs ................................................................................................................... 8 Use of Armor in Peacekeeping ..................................................................................................................... 9 Other Considerations .................................................................................................................................. 10 Urban Terrain and SSCOs .......................................................................................................................... 11 Observations .......................................................................................................................................... 12 III. USE OF ARMOR IN AN INSURGENCY........................................................................................................... 15 The Use of Armor in the German Campaign in the Balkans, 1941 to 1945 (see Appendix VII)................ 15 The Use of Armor in the Vietnam War, 1965 to 1975................................................................................ 16 Observations .......................................................................................................................................... 18 IV. USE OF ARMOR IN A CONVENTIONAL WAR ............................................................................................. 19 The Philippines, 1941 ................................................................................................................................. 19 Observations .......................................................................................................................................... 19 Normandy, D-Day 1944.............................................................................................................................. 20 Observations .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Task Force Smith and After, US Armor in Korea, 1950-1951 ................................................................... 21 UN and North Korean Tank Losses............................................................................................................ 23 Observations .......................................................................................................................................... 23 The US 82nd Airborne Division in Operation DESERT SHEILD .............................................................. 24 Observations .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Conventional Conflict Against an Armor Supported or Armor Heavy Force............................................. 26 Tank Destroyers..................................................................................................................................... 28 US Mechanized Cavalry in World War II.............................................................................................. 29 Observations .......................................................................................................................................... 29 Conventional Conflict Against a Primarily Infantry Force......................................................................... 30 Emergency Insertion Against an Armor Supported or Armor Heavy Force............................................... 30 Emergency Insertion Against a Primarily Infantry Force ........................................................................... 31 V. STUDY CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 32 Small Scale Contingency Operations.......................................................................................................... 32 Insurgencies ................................................................................................................................................ 32 Conventional Warfare................................................................................................................................. 32 Conventional Conflict Against An Armor Supported Or Armor Heavy Force...................................... 32 Conventional Conflict Against A Primarily Infantry Force................................................................... 32 Emergency Insertion Against An Armor Supported Or Armor Heavy Force........................................ 33 Emergency Insertion Against A Primarily Infantry Force ..................................................................... 33 Other Conclusions....................................................................................................................................... 33 Wheeled Vehicles .................................................................................................................................. 33 Vehicle Design....................................................................................................................................... 33 Terrain Issues......................................................................................................................................... 34 Operational Factors................................................................................................................................ 34 Casualty Sensitivity ............................................................................................................................... 34 APPENDIX I. A DESCRIPTION OF THE USE OF ARMOR IN SSCOS BY MISSION TYPE............................. 35 Aid .............................................................................................................................................................. 35 Military Assistance ..................................................................................................................................... 35 Insurgency/Counterinsurgency ................................................................................................................... 36 Show-the-Flag (including "Maintain Presence" and "Show-of-Force") ..................................................... 38 Raids ........................................................................................................................................................... 39 Interventions ............................................................................................................................................... 39 i Conventional Hostilities.............................................................................................................................. 41 Evacuation/Rescue...................................................................................................................................... 42 Small Hostage Rescue/Anti-terrorist Missions ........................................................................................... 42 Police Action............................................................................................................................................... 43 Not Analyzed .............................................................................................................................................. 43 APPENDIX II. ARMOR USAGE IN CONTINGENCIES ........................................................................................ 44 APPENDIX III. LIST OF SMALL SCALE CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS BY TYPE ...................................... 49 APPENDIX IV. RATING OF TERRAIN IN SSCOs ................................................................................................ 54 APPENDIX V. CASE STUDY: THE PHILIPPINES 1941-1942.............................................................................