SERA TR-052-01-05a Carbaryl Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Revised Final Report Submitted to: Paul Mistretta, COR USDA/Forest Service, Southern Region 1720 Peachtree RD, NW Atlanta, Georgia 30309 USDA Forest Service Contract: AG-3187-C-06-0010 USDA Forest Order Number: AG-43ZP-D-06-0009 SERA Internal Task No. 52-01 Submitted by: Patrick R. Durkin and Cynthia King Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 5100 Highbridge St., 42C Fayetteville, New York 13066-0950 Fax: (315) 637-0445 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com February 9, 2008 Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ ii List of Figures................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v List of Attachments........................................................................................................................ vi List of Appendices ......................................................................................................................... vi COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................... ix CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION ............................................................................ x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................... 4 2.1. OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS....................... 4 2.3. APPLICATION METHODS.............................................................................................. 5 2.3.1. Leaf Beetles ................................................................................................................. 5 2.3.2. Bark Beetles................................................................................................................. 6 2.4. MIXING AND APPLICATION RATES ............................................................................ 6 2.4.1. Leaf Beetles ................................................................................................................. 6 2.4.2. Bark Beetles................................................................................................................. 7 2.5. USE STATISTICS............................................................................................................ 10 3. HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT............................................................................. 12 3.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION......................................................................................... 12 3.1.1. Overview.................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.2. Mechanism of Action................................................................................................. 12 3.1.3. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism ............................................................................ 15 3.1.3.1. General Considerations....................................................................................... 15 3.1.3.2. Dermal Absorption.............................................................................................. 15 3.1.3.3. Excretion............................................................................................................. 17 3.1.4. Acute Oral Toxicity ................................................................................................... 18 3.1.5. Subchronic or Chronic Systemic Toxic Effects......................................................... 19 3.1.6. Effects on Nervous System........................................................................................ 20 3.1.7. Effects on Immune System ........................................................................................ 21 3.1.8. Effects on Endocrine System..................................................................................... 22 3.1.9. Reproductive and Teratogenic Effects....................................................................... 23 3.1.9.1. Developmental (Teratology) Studies ................................................................... 23 3.1.9.2. Reproduction Studies........................................................................................... 24 3.1.9.3. Developmental Neurotoxicity.............................................................................. 24 3.1.10. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity........................................................................... 25 3.1.11. Irritation and Sensitization (Effects on the Skin and Eyes) ..................................... 25 3.1.12. Systemic Toxic Effects from Dermal Exposure ...................................................... 26 3.1.13. Inhalation Exposure ................................................................................................. 26 3.1.14. Inerts and Adjuvants ................................................................................................ 27 3.1.15. Impurities and Metabolites .................................................................................. 28 3.1.15.1. Metabolites........................................................................................................ 28 3.1.15.2. Impurities ........................................................................................................... 28 3.1.16. Toxicological Interactions ....................................................................................... 28 ii Table of Contents (continued) 3.2. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................... 30 3.2.1. Overview.................................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2. Workers...................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2.1. General Exposures .............................................................................................. 32 3.2.2.2. Accidental Exposures.......................................................................................... 34 3.2.3. General Public............................................................................................................ 36 3.2.3.1.1. Applications for Bark Beetle Prevention ...................................................... 36 3.2.3.1.2. Likelihood and Magnitude of Exposure ....................................................... 37 3.2.3.1.1. Summary of Assessments ............................................................................. 38 3.2.3.2. Direct Spray ........................................................................................................ 39 3.2.3.3. Dermal Exposure from Contaminated Vegetation.............................................. 39 3.2.3.4. Contaminated Water ............................................................................................ 39 3.2.3.4.1. Accidental Spill............................................................................................ 40 3.2.3.4.2. Accidental Direct Spray/drift for a Pond or Stream...................................... 40 3.2.3.4.3. Standard GLEAMS Modeling ..................................................................... 41 3.2.3.4.4. GLEAMS Modeling At Specific Sites.......................................................... 43 3.2.3.4.5. Other Modeling Efforts................................................................................. 44 3.2.3.4.6. Monitoring Data............................................................................................ 45 3.2.3.4.7. Concentrations in Water Used for Risk Assessment .................................... 45 3.2.3.5. Oral Exposure from Contaminated Fish .............................................................. 47 3.2.3.6. Dermal Exposure from Swimming in Contaminated Water................................ 47 3.2.3.7. Oral Exposure from Contaminated Vegetation.................................................... 48 3.3. DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT ................................................................................ 49 3.3.1. Overview.................................................................................................................... 49 3.3.2. Acute RfD .................................................................................................................. 49 3.3.3. Chronic RfD............................................................................................................... 51 3.3.4. Carcinogenicity.......................................................................................................... 52 3.3.5. Dose-Severity Relationships...................................................................................... 53 3.4. RISK CHARACTERIZATION........................................................................................