Politics and Culture THE CONDITION OF A Theory, Culture & Society series CITIZENSHIP Politics and Culture analyses the complex relationships between political institutions, civil society and contemporary states. Individual books will draw on the major theoretical paradigms in sociology, politics and philo­ sophy within which citizenship, rights and justice can be understood. The series will focus attention on the importance of culture and the implications of globalization and postrnodernism for the study of politics and society. It will relate these advanced theoretical issues to conventional approaches of welfare, participation and democracy. edited by SERIES EDITOR: Bryan S. Turner, Deakin University EDITORIAL BOARD Bart van Steenbergen J .M. Barbalet, Australian National University Mike Featherstone, University of Teesside Step hen Kalberg, Boston University Carale Paternan, University of California, Los Angeles Also in this series Welfare and Citizenship Beyond the Crisis of the Welfare State'! Tan Cuipitt Citizenship and Social Theory edited by Bryan S. Turner @ SAGE Publications London • Thousand Oaks • New Delhi Editorial arrangement, Chapters 1 and 11 © Bart van Steenbergen 1994 Chapter 2 © Ralf Dahrendorf 1994 CONTENTS Chapter 3 © Jiirgen Habermas 1994 Chapter 4 © Herman van Gunsteren 1994 Chapter 5 © William J ulius Wilson 1994 , //2 Chapter 6 © Hans Adriaansens 1994 Contributors vi Chapter 7 © Ursola Vogel 1994 Chapter 8 © Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon 1994 .-!-ilA 1 The Condition of Citizenship: an Introduction 1 Chapter 9 © Attila Agh 1994 Bart van Steenbergen Chapter 10 © Richard Falk 1994 12 1994 2 The Changing Quality of Citizenship 10 Chapter © Bryan S. Turner L L Ral! Dahrendor! First published 1994 3 Citizenship and National Identity 20 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be !ilrgen Habermas reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, 4 Four Conceptions of Citizenship 36 mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without Herman van Gunsteren permission in writing from the Publishers. 5 Citizenship and the Inner-City Ghetto Poor 49 SAGE Publications Ltd William ! ulius Wilson 6 Bonhill Street 6 Citizenship, Work and Welfare 66 London ECZA 4PU Hans Adriaansens SAGE Publications Inc 7 Marriage and the Boundaries of Citizenship 76 2455 Teller Road Ursula Vogel Thousand Oaks, California 91320 8 Civil Citizenship against Social Citizenship? 90 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon 32, M-Block Market Greater Kailash - I 9 Citizenship and Civil Society in Central Europe 108 N!!w Delhi 110 048 Attila Agh British Library Cataloguing in Publication data 10 The Making of Global Citizenship 127 Richard Falk Condition of Citizenship. - (Politics & Culture Series) 11 Towards a Global Ecological Citizen 141 1. Steenbergen, Bart Van n. Series Bart van Steenbergen 323.6 ISBN O-ll039-8881-8 12 Postmodern Culture/Modern Citizens 153 ISBN O-ll039-8882--6 (pbk) Bryan S. Turner Index Library of Congress catalog card number 93-087423 169 Typeset by Photoprint, Torquay, Devon Printed in Great Britain by BiddIes Ltd, Guildford, Surrey CONTRIBUTORS vii Bart van Steenbergen is Associate Professor of General Social Sciences at the University of Utrecht. He is co-author of Advancing Democracy and Participation: Challenges for the Future (1992) and 'Scenarios for Europe in the 1990s: the role of citizenship and CONTRIBUTORS participation' in Futures, November 1990. Bryan S. Turner is Professor of Sociology at Deakin University. He is author of Citizenship and Capitalism (1986) and 'Outline of a theory of citizenship' in Sociology, May 19~O. Mans Adriaansens is Professor of General Social Sciences at the University of Utrecht and member of The Netherlands Scientific Ursula Vogel is Senior Lecturer in Government at the University of Council for Government Policy. He is the author of General Manchester. She is co-editor of Feminism and Political Theory Sociology (1985) and Participation State (1990). (1986) and of The Frontiers of Citizel,lShip (1991) and author of 'Patriarchal reasoning in modern natural law' in History of Political Attila Agh is Professor of Political Science at the Budapest Thought (1991). University of Economics. He is author of The Crisis of State Socialism in the Eighties (1990). WiIIiam JuIins Wilson is the Lucy Flower University Professor of Sociology and Public Policy at the University of Chicago. He is Ralf Dahrendorf is Warden of Saint Antony's College in Oxford. author of The Truly Disadvantaged (1987) and The Declining He is author of The Modern Social Conflict (1988) and Reflections Significance of Race (1978). on the Revolution in Europe (1990). Richard Falk is Professor of International Relations at Prince ton University and Research Director of the World Order Models Project. He is author of A Study of Future Worlds (1975) and Explorations at the Edge of Time: Prospects for World Order (1992). Nancy Fraser is Professor of Philosophy and Faculty Fellow of the Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research at Northwestern University. She is author of Unruly Practices (1989) and the co-editor of Revaluing French Feminism (1988). Linda Gordon is Professor of History at the University of Wiscon­ sin. Among her books are Woman's Body, Woman's Right: a Social History of Birth Control,- Heroes of their own Lives: the Politics of Family Violence; and Pitied but not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare (1994). Herman van Gunsteren is Professor of Theory and Jurisprudence at the University of Leiden. He is the author of 'The quest for control' in Ethics, July 1988 and co-author of Time for Retirement (1991). Jiirgen Habermas is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Frankfurt. He is author of The Theory of Communicative Action ') (1989) and The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1989). 1 THE CONDITION OF CITIZENSHIP: AN INTRODUCTION Bart van Steenbergen Most recent publications on citizenship begin by expressing surprise that this subject has suddenly become topical. Over the past five years, more and more social problems and questions have been formulated in terms of citizenship and civil society. Whether the subject is poverty, the underclass, women's issues, national identity, participatory democracy, minorities, authoritarian governments, supranational developments, the role of the intelligentsia and even the environment, it seems that all these problems can be fruitfully analysed from the perspective of citizenship. On the other hand, there also seems to be agreement that citizenship is a problematic c~l!t. Its meaning lias never tree-a unIvocal; on the contrary, there are several historical traditions in this respect, which in some ways oppose each other, as the contributions of van Gunsteren (Chapter 4) and Habermas (Chapter 3) elucidate. This book is not so much about citizenship as such, nor about the history of citizenship, although some contributors deal with these topics, but primarily about the question of the fruitfulness of the notion of citizenship for analysing, understanding and even solving the problems of our time and of the time to come. As we shall see, the traditional concepts are not always fully fit for that purpose, although we can find much in the old concepts that is still valuable for our time. Although this book is not about citizenship as such, a few words on the concept itself may be illuminating, not least because different authors in this book base themselves on different traditions in this respect. To start with, a distinction (but not a separation) should be made between the citizen or citoyen, on the one hand, and the burgher, bourgeois or economic citizen on the other as the chief actors or 'dramatis personae' to use Agh's terminology (see Chapter 2 THE CONDITION OF CITIZENSHIP INTRODUCTION 3 9), of social, political and economic life in modern Western With the coming of social citizenship, the ultimate ideal of citizen­ societies. ship; the full participation of the individual in the community could Citizenship represents the notion of participation in public life be realized. It should be stressed that there is a fundamental I)::' (which is broader than political life), In particular, since Marshall's difference between the principles of a liberal and democratic / definition of the ideal of citizenship as full participation in the society, based on civil and political rights on the one hand and the community, we can see a definite shift from a strict political social rights as expressed in the welfare state on the other. Liberal i~ definition of a citizen - with an emphasis on his or her relationship principles are generally formulated in a negative way, in terms of , with the state - to a broader somewhat more sociological definition, freedom 'from' (mostly from state intervention), whereas social / which implies a greater emphasis on the relationship of the citizen rights are formulated in a positive way; they imply an active and , with society as a whole. even interventionist state. These social rights are meant to give the I) Secondly, a citizen is a person who both governs and is governed, formal status of citizenship a'!'!!t!rii!U2!lJ!g~!i9.!'. A certam level or for which qualifications like autonomy, judgement and loyalty are 'miiteiiru''WeIr-Demg'is'guaranteed, which enables the citizen to expected. In that sense citizenship is an 'office' for which one has to exercise his or her rights to full participation in the community. This qualify as van Gunsteren (Chapter 4) emphasizes. implies that, in the perception of Marshall, social citizenship marks :Y ') .Thi~dly, and rel~ted to the former two, is that £!tizenship deals the 'end of history' or at least 'the end of the history of citizenship'. :/'Y!th n hts and entitlements on the one hand and with obli ations An intriguing question is, now, how do we look at this in our own on the,OJSr. ome authors, an m particular Dahrendorf (Chapter time, more than forty years after Marshall developed his ideas.