Fecundity and larval development of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) in experimental breeding Fotini A. Koutroumpa, Bruno Vincent, Géraldine Roux-Morabito, Carine Martin, François Lieutier To cite this version: Fotini A. Koutroumpa, Bruno Vincent, Géraldine Roux-Morabito, Carine Martin, François Lieutier. Fecundity and larval development of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) in experimental breeding. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2008, 65 (7), pp.1. hal-00883423 HAL Id: hal-00883423 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883423 Submitted on 1 Jan 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ann. For. Sci. 65 (2008) 707 Available online at: c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2008 www.afs-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/forest:2008056 Original article Fecundity and larval development of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) in experimental breeding Fotini A. Koutroumpa, Bruno Vincent, Géraldine Roux-Morabito,CarineMartin, François Lieutier* Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES-EA-1207, Université d’Orléans, BP6759, rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France (Received 31 January 2008; accepted 9 July 2008) Keywords: Abstract Monochamus galloprovincialis / •The study aimed at clarifying basic life traits (fecundity, mortality and development) of biology / Monochamus galloprovincialis, the vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of the fecundity / Pine Wilt Disease, in Portugal. larval instars / • Mating and oviposition experiments were conducted on P. sylvestris logs under laboratory condi- mortality / tions during two years. Larval development was followed outdoors. experimental breeding • Fecundity was high, with 138.2 eggs per female. • For the first time, the number of larval instars (4) in M. galloprovincialis was recognized and instars were described. • Informations are provided on the shape and size of the larval galleries. Boring of galleries in sap- wood and heartwood started at the third instar. All instars could overwinter but adults emerged simul- taneously resulting in a univoltine life cycle for the majority of the individuals. • An obligatory diapause in the forth instar was assumed. However, 8.1% of the insects had a two year development. • Important differences in mortality were noted between the two experimental years, which could be explained by differences on the size of the breeding logs. • There is a high biological proximity between M. galloprovincialis populations in France and those in Portugal and Northern Europe. However, a higher fecundity and longevity was observed in France, as well as a higher percentage of insects with a two year development, compared with portuguese populations. Mots-clés : Résumé – Fécondité et développement larvaire de Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera Monochamus galloprovincialis / Cerambycidae) en élevage. biologie / • L’objectif de l’étude était de clarifier certaines caractéristique de base –fécondité, mortalité, déve- fecundité / loppement) de Monochamus galloprovincialis, le vecteur de Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, agent du stades larvaires / dépérissement des pins au Portugal. mortalité / • Durant deux ans, des expériences d’accouplement et de ponte ont été conduites sur rondins de P. élevage sylvestris au laboratoire. Le développement larvaire a été suivi en extérieur. • La fécondité a été élevée, avec 138.2 œufs par femelle. • Pour la première fois chez M. galloprovincialis, le nombre de stades larvaires (4) de M. gallopro- vincialis a été défini et ceux-ci ont été décrits. • Des informations sont fournies sur la forme et la taille des galleries larvaires. Le forage des galeries dans l’aubier et le bois de cœur commence au troisième stade. Tous les stades peuvent hiverner mais les adultes émergent simultanément, ce qui conduit à un cycle annuel pour la plupart des individus. • Une diapause obligatoire intervient au quatrième stade. Cependant, 8.1 % des insectes ont un déve- loppement sur deux ans. • Des différences importantes ont été notes entre les deux années d’étude. Elles pourraient s’expliquer par la taille différente des rondins d’élevage. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Article published by EDP Sciences Ann. For. Sci. 65 (2008) 707 F.A. Koutroumpa et al. • Il existe une proximité biologique élevée entre les populations françaises de M. galloprovincialis et celles du Portugal et d’Europe de Nord. Cependant, une fécondité et une longévité plus élevées, ainsi qu’une proportion plus haute d’insectes ayant un développement sur deux ans, ont été observées en France par rapport aux populations portugaises. 1. INTRODUCTION and during oviposition when females transmit them to dying trees via the oviposition wounds (Edwards and Linit, 1992; Longhorn beetles of the genus Monochamus (Coleoptera Mamiya and Enda, 1972; Morimoto and Iwasaki, 1972; Wing- Cerambycidae) are generally recognized as non important sec- field and Blanchette, 1983). The nematodes enter the beetle’s ondary pests (Hellrigl, 1971). Nevertheless, because of their tracheal system via the spiracles during the pupal stage (Hell- association with the Pine Wood Nematode (PWN) Bursaphe- rigl, 1971;Naves,2007). lenchus xylophilus (Nickle, 1970; Steiner and Buhrer, 1934) Since M. galloprovincialis was proved to be the vector of (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), the causative agent of the the PWN in Portugal, several studies have been conducted on Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) (Kiyohara and Tokushige, 1971), this species (Naves et al., 2005; 2006a; 2006b). Nevertheless their role as forest pest has been largely reconsidered. A Pest this insect has not been, so far, the subject of an exhaustive Risk Analysis (PRA) on the European Union territories (as survey in France and details of its biology are still unknown. PRA area) recognized five endemic species of Monochamus Even though B. xylophilus has not yet been found in France (i.e. M. galloprovincialis (Olivier), M. sutor (Linnaeus), M. (Vincent et al., 2008), the risks of its introduction in this coun- sartor (Fabricius), M. urussovi (Fischer) and M. saltuarius try are very serious. France could easily play the role of a (Gebler)) as potential vectors of B. xylophilus in Europe, bridge to the propagation of the PWN from Portugal to the and many pine species with frequent occurrence in Europe rest of Europe and, despite the efforts for surveillance, another as susceptible pine hosts (Evans et al., 1996). In 1993, the accidental introduction from another continent cannot be ex- OEPP/EPPO (Directive 77/93, EEC) declared the PWN a cluded. Furthermore, bioclimatic parameters in France, such quarantine organism in the European Union territories (Evans as temperatures, hosts and vectors, seem adequate for the ne- et al., 1996). matode installation and propagation (Evans et al., 1996). Con- Seven Monochamus species have been reported so far to be sequently, clarifying in depth all possible aspects of the life of the only worldwide vectors of the PWN capable to transmit it its vector appears essential to evaluate the modalities of exten- to pines: M. carolinensis (Olivier), M. mutator (LeConte), M. sion, the risks of damage, as well as to build survey and control scutellatus (Say) and M. titillator (Fabricius) in North Amer- programs in case the PWN would be introduced. ica, M. alternatus (Hope) and M. saltuarius (Gebler) in East The aim of this paper is to report on a biological study of Asia (Evans et al., 1996)andM. galloprovincialis (Olivier) in M. galloprovincialis, the most abundant French Monochamus Portugal where the nematode was discovered in 1999 in Pinus species. Laboratory experiments on fecundity, development pinaster, near the port of Setubal (Mota et al., 1999; Sousa and mortality were conducted on Pinus sylvestris. Questions et al., 2001). However, some other Cerambycidae and some like larval instars’ number, size and duration, as well as param- Buprestidae and Curculionidae species have been found car- eters influencing fecundity level and frequency, and mortality rying this pest but no successful transmitting activity to pines were investigated. has been proved (Linit, 1988;Sousaetal.,2001; 2002). A correct evaluation of the risks of damage extension in re- gions where the nematode has not been introduced yet must 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS consider the vector insect as an essential factor. However, un- til their association with the PWN was recognized, very little 2.1. Insects and breeding logs had been known on the biology and ecology of Monochamus species. Many studies exist on the Asian and the North Ameri- All M. galloprovincialis adults as well as the oviposition material can species (Akbulut et al., 2004; Anbutsu and Togashi, 2000; (P. sylvestris trees) were collected from Lorris forest, near Orléans 2002; Togashi, 1995; 1997; Togashi et al., 1997). Some as- (France). pects of the biology of European species have been pre- Laboratory breeding experiments were conducted during two years (2004 and