Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80620-6 - Creep and Fracture of Ice Erland M. Schulson and Paul Duval Index More information Index 100-year wave force, 336 friction and fracture, 289, 376 60° dislocations, 17, 82, 88 indentation failure, 345 microstructure, 45, 70, 237, 255, 273 abrasion, 337 multiscale fracture and frictional accommodation processes of basal slip, 165 sliding, 386 acoustic emission, 78, 90, 108 nested envelopes, 377 across-column cleavage cracks, 278 pressure–area relationship, 349, 352 across-column confinement, 282 S2 growth texture, 246, 273 across-column cracks, 282, 306, SHEBA faults, 371 across-column loading, 275 SHEBA stress states, 377 across-column strength, 246, 249, 275 Arctic Ocean, 1, 45, 190, 361 activation energy, 71, 84, 95, 111, 118, 131 aspect ratio, 344 activation volume, 114, 182 atmospheric ice, 219, 221, 241, 243 activity of pyramidal slip systems, 158 atmospheric icing, 31 activity of slip systems, 168 atmospheric impurities, 113 adiabatic heating, 291, 348 atomic packing factor, 9 adiabatic softening, 291 audible report, 240 affine self-consistent model, 160 avalanches, 206 air bubbles, 38 air-hydrate crystals, 37 bands, 89 albedo, 363 basal activity, 162 aligned first-year sea ice, 246 basal dislocations, 77 along-column confinement, 282 basal planes, 214, along-column confining stress, 282, basal screw dislocations, 77, 87 along-column strength, 244, 275 basal shear bands, 163 ammonia dihydrate, 181 basal slip, 18, 77, 127, 228 ammonia–water system, 186 basal slip lines, 77 amorphous forms of ice, 5 bend strength, 213, 224 Andrade creep, 108 bend test, 213 Andrade law, 104, 107 Bernal–Fowler ice rules, 9 anisotropic ice, 129, 153, 154, 156, 172, biaxial compressive strength, 270 apparent activation energy, 342 biaxial loading, 270, 274 apparent contact area, 349 paths, 274 apparent fracture toughness, 204, 341 Bjerrum defects, 15, 82, 88, applied stress tensor, 280 blowout, 297 arctic and antarctic sea ice blue zone, 347, 348 aligned first-year sea ice, 246 boundary diffusion, 126 brine-drainage channels, 43, 223 Brazil test, 213, brine pockets, 43, 62, 217, 223, brine drainage channels, 43, 224, 231 224, 249 ductile–brittle transition, 118, 119 brine pockets, 43, 62, 217, 224, 231 failure envelope, 275, 278, 376 brittle behavior, 240 391 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80620-6 - Creep and Fracture of Ice Erland M. Schulson and Paul Duval Index More information 392 Index brittle compressive failure, 237 columnar-shaped grains, 31, 41 brittle compressive strength of confined ice comb cracks, 266, 296, 297, 366 biaxial loading, 270, 274 mechanism, 300, biaxial loading paths, 274 compact tensile specimens, 198 comb-crack mechanism, 300, compliance, 157 confinement strengthening, 276 matrix, 60 confinement weakening, 276, 280 compliant brush platens, 238 Coulombic faults, 272, 278, 282, 314 compressibility, 55 failure envelope, 275, 278, 376 compressive shear faults, 236, 372 failure surfaces, 286 compressive strength fracture and friction, 289 compliant brush platens, 238 plastic faults, 272, 282, 292, 308, 314 failure process, 251 post-terminal failure, 267 length-to-diameter ratio, 238 pressure-cell method, 267 loading platens, 238 proportional loading, 267 longitudinal split, 251 triaxial test, 267 multiple splitting, 240 true triaxial loading, 268 parallelism of ends, 238 wing cracks and comb cracks, 294 specimen shape, 238 brittle failure modes, 342 stiffness of loading frame, 237 blue zone, 347, 356 vs. cyclic loading, 249 continuous, 337 vs. damage, 249 high-pressure zone, 348, 356 vs. grain size, 247 local loads, 349 vs. growth texture, 246 non-simultaneous failure, 349 vs. porosity/salinity, 247 pressure–area curve, 351 vs. size and boundary conditions, 250 strain-rate softening, 240, 243, 338 vs. strain rate, 243 transition strain rate, 239, 309, 331 vs. temperature, 245 transition velocity, 341 wing-crack mechanics, 261 brittle failure surface, 288 concentric cracks, 356 brittle fracture mode confined single crystals, 237 Coulombic faulting, 282, 348 confinement, 242, 266, 328, 344, 375 intergranular, 320 strengthening, 276 spalling, 278, 304, 343 weakening, 276, 280 splitting, 327 confining pressure, 116, 267, 269 transgranular, 216 conjugate fracture, 365 brittle-like failure mode conjugate sets, 272 plastic faulting, 292, 308, 348 constitutional super-cooling, 43 brittle-to-ductile transition, 226,242, 320, 337, 386 constriction of partial dislocations, 89 bubbly ice, 30, 37 contact area, 350 buckling, 306 contact zone, 266, 292, 336, 347, 355 stress, 369 continuous indentation, 337 bulk modulus, 58 continuous recrystallization, 128 Burgers’ vector b, 16, 89 convective flow, 186 Coulombic faults, 272, 278, 282, 314 c-axis alignment, 45 shear fault, 276, 282, 303, 373 calving of icebergs, 1, 212 Coulombic material, 237 cellular material, 207 Coulomb’s failure criterion, 259, 310 ceramics, 247 covalent bonds, 7, 188 chemical compounds, 34 cracked/damaged polycrystals, 64 circumferential cracking, 343 cracks ,68 circumferentially notched tensile bars, 198 cleavage, 216 cleavage, 214, 216 comb, 266, 294, 296, 297, 366 climb, 16 critical crack, 229 basal dislocations, 122 density, 249 dislocations, 125 extension force, 192 CO2 hydrate, 180 frictional sliding, 68, 237, 247, 261, 278, 282, 289, cohesion, 289, 290, 311 302, 375, 376 cohesive strength, 228, 260, 311, growth, 40, 196 coincident site lattice, 22 horsetail, 299 collective dislocation motion, 91, 94 interaction, 258 columnar ice, 162, 219, 246, 273 intergranular, 320 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80620-6 - Creep and Fracture of Ice Erland M. Schulson and Paul Duval Index More information Index 393 cracks (cont.) ice Ih, 5 micro-plates, 297, 300 radial isotropy, 9, 14 most dangerous flaw, 352 cyclic bending tests, 250 nucleation, 39, 212, 229 cyclic hardening, 250 control, 229 cyclic loading, 83, 205, 249 parent, 252, primary, 251, 294 D-type Bjerrum defect, 11 propagation, 228, 231 damage, 66, 68, 203, 222, 249, 262, 266, 294, control, 228 328, 347 secondary, 251, 255, 266, 282, 296, 324, 366 theory, 64 splay, 299 threshold, 249 systems, 194, 195 damage-dependent elastic stiffness constants, 66 tip creep, 197 debris-laden ice, 113, tip stress state, 193 decohesions, 231 transgranular, 216 deformation gradients, 79, 96, 155 velocities, 231 deformation matrix, 66 wing, 252, 258, 294, 361, 366, 372 deformation textures, 139 crater dimensions, 356 deformation twins, 22 cratering, 355 delayed elastic strain, 103 creep densification, 37, 160 activation energy, 71, 84, 95, 111, 118, 131 density, 8, 207 Andrade creep, 109 destabilization, 297, 304 behavior at low stresses, 109 deviatoric stresses, 109 diffusion creep, 103, 125, 126 diamond anvil cell, 182 effect of confining pressure, 114 diamond-shaped patterns, 362 effect of grain size, 107, 112 differential stress, 270 effect of liquid phase, 127 diffusion effect of particles and impurities, 113 dislocation climb, 90, 95, 125 glide-controlled mechanism, 124 self-diffusion, 70, 123 Harper–Dorn creep, 125, volume diffusion coefficient, 122 melt-free pure ice, 111 diffusion of acids, 72 primary creep, 103, 104, 161 diffusion coefficient, 70, 71 rate-controlling processes, 95, 122, 124 diffusion creep, 103, 125, 126 recovery creep, 115 diffusion of gases, 70, 72 secondary creep, 103, 109, 111, 112, 113, dimensional analysis, 352, 356 122, 311 directional viscosity, 154 stress exponent, 109, 116, 128, 160, 179, 187 direct tensile test, 214 superplastic flow, 112, 125 dirty ice, 330 tertiary creep, 103, 115, 129 dislocation motion creep damage, 250 avalanches, 78, 90, 92, 94, 107, 108, 230 creep relaxation, 258 basal slip, 18, 77, 127, 228 creep zone, 324 climb, 90, 95 crevasses, 212, collective motion, 91, 94 critical cracks, 229 cross-slip, 16, 18, 77, 89, 95, 123 critical flaw, 231 dislocation mobility, 82, 87, critical grain size, 221, 222, dislocation velocity, 87, 88 critical loading rate, 197, glide-controlled mechanism, 124 critical nucleus, 39 mobile dislocations, 78, 82, 95 critical size, 228 Orowan equation, 92, 124 critical strain rate, 320 prismatic slip, 161, 243 critical stress for crack propagation, 192 dislocations , 12, 70, 73 cross-slip, 16, 18, 77, 89, 95, 123 60° dislocations, 17, 82, 88 crushing, 343, 345 avalanches, 78, 90, 92, 94, 107, 108, 230 force, 354 basal dislocations, 77 crystalline forms of ice, 5 basal screw dislocations, 77, 87 crystals, 125 climb, 90, 95 growth, 40 density, 15, 21 plasticity, 362 dissociation, 18, 89 structure of ice Ih, 6 edge, 13, 86, 88, 164 crystal structure excess dislocations, 95, 143 ice Ic, 5 interstitial prismatic loop, 14 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80620-6 - Creep and Fracture of Ice Erland M. Schulson and Paul Duval Index More information 394 Index dislocations (cont.) effect of temperature, 111 jogs, 123 effective shear stress, 260, 266 kinetics, 213 elastic anisotropy, 58, 64 line energy, 16 elastic buckling, 297, 369 line (strain) energy, 16 elastic compliance constants, 52, 54 loops, 71 elastic constants, 66 mixed, 14 elastic energy, 137, 191 mobility, 82, 87, elastic limit, 323 multiplication, 24, 79, 89, 94, 96 elastic mismatch, 229, non-basal edge dislocations, 20, 77 elastic moduli, 54 partial dislocations, 18, 22, 89 elastic stiffness constants, 52 pile-ups, 229, elastically isotropic, 58 prismatic loop, 14, 18 elasto-viscoplastic, 160