DOI: 10.26650/forestist.2019.346284 İSTANBUL UNIVERSITY C A E Ş Forestist 2019, 69(1): 1-10 R R A H PA C E R R A H P A Ş A Original Article Distribution, biology, morphology and damage of Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1936 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the Isparta Regional Forest Directorate Isparta Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü sedir ormanlarında Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1936 (Hemiptera: Aphididae)’nin yayılışı, morfolojisi, biyolojisi ve zararı Şükran Oğuzoğlu , Mustafa Avcı Department of Forest Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Forestry, Isparta, Turkey ABSTRACT In 2015-2016, a study was performed examining the distribution, colony dispersion in tree canopies, occur- rence rate in shoots at different ages, morphology, and the damage of the cedar aphid Cinara( cedri Mimeur 1936) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) This study was completed alongside biological observations in the Isparta Re- gional Forest Directorate. This study was conducted across 46 sites at an elevation of 820-1738 meter (m) and the distribution of this species was determined by a survey. Compared to other sites, the Cinara cedri (C. cedri) population was found to be higher in 10 sites with young stands with an average height of 1000-1200 m. These sites were established through plantation. Colonies were typically observed on the shoots from the previous year and on branch axils. They were found to feed on shoot tips and trunks of young trees and pre- ferred shoots with a diameter of 1.0-1.5 centimeter (cm) on the southern and eastern aspects of the trees. It was observed that C. cedri mostly fed on shoots of the previous year, which caused the needles to dry and turn red. Damage was observed especially on young trees from which the dried needles fell and defoliation was concentrated particularly on the shoot tips and tops of the trees. It was found that honeydew was secreted by those insects fed with sap, and this secretion then covered the needles, shoots and branches, resulting in fumagine. The populations overwintered as eggs and then nymphs hatched during the first week of April. The adult stage was reached after completing four nymph periods over a time span of between one week and 10 days. These adults then reproduced parthenogenetically, with winged viviparous individuals appear- ing between May and June, and oviparous emerging in October. The final stage of the cycle was a period of mating and then egg-laying. Keywords: Cedar aphid, Cinara cedri, damage, Isparta, life cycle ÖZ Cite this paper as: Oğuzoğlu, Ş., Avcı, M., Çalışma, 2015-2016 yıllarında Isparta Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü’nde, sedir yaprak biti (Cinara cedri Mimeur 1936) 2019. Distribution, (Hemiptera: Aphididae)’nin yayılışı, türün ağaç tepe tacındaki koloni dağılımı ve farklı yaşlardaki sürgünlerde biology, morphology bulunma oranı, morfolojisi, biyolojisi ile zararı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma, 820-1738 m arasında yükseltiye sahip and damage of Cinara 46 alanda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Plantasyon sahaları, genç meşcere ve ortalama 1000 m yükseltide bulunan 10 cedri Mimeur, 1936 alanda diğer alanlara göre C. cedri’nin popülasyonunun daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kolonilerin genellikle (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in bir önceki yıla ait sürgünlerde ve dal koltuğunda bulunduğu, ayrıca sürgün ucu ile genç ağaçların gövdesinde the Isparta Regional Forest de beslendikleri, ağacın güney ve doğu bakıdaki 1,0-1,5 cm çapındaki sürgünleri tercih ettiği görülmüştür. Directorate. Forestist 69(1): C. cedri’nin çoğunlukla bir önceki yıla ait sürgünlerde beslendiği ve ibrelerin kuruyup kızarmasına yol açtığı gözlenmiştir. Zararın özellikle genç ağaçlarda olduğu, kuruyan ibrelerin döküldüğü ve yapraksızlaşmanın 1-10. ağacın sürgün uçları ile tepe kısmında olduğu görülmüştür. Zararlının öz suyu ile beslenmesi nedeniyle ballı Corresponding author: madde salgıladığı ve ballı maddenin dalların üzerini kapladığı ve fumajin oluşumuna neden olduğu belirlen- Şükran Oğuzoğlu miştir. Popülasyonlar kışı yumurta döneminde geçirmiş, Nisan ayının ilk haftasında yumurtadan çıkan kanatsız e-mail: viviparların yaklaşık bir hafta ile 10 günlük sürede dört nimf dönemini tamamlayarak erginliğe ulaşmışlardır. [email protected] Mayıs-Haziran aylarında kanatlı viviparların görüldüğü, ekim ayının son haftasında oviparların ortaya çıktığı ve Received Date: çiftleşerek yumurta bıraktıkları gözlenmiştir. 24.10.2017 Anahtar Kelimeler: Cinara cedri, Isparta, sedir yaprak biti, yaşam döngüsü, zarar Accepted Date: 23.10.2018 Content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International Licence. 1 Oğuzoğlu and Avcı. Investigations on Cinara cedri Forestist 2019, 69(1): 1-10 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to contribute to the control of the species by determining the morphological features of C. cedri Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) is one of four cedar species that damages cedar forests, as well as its distribution, damage distributed across the world. The Taurus cedar, which is naturally and biology. found in Turkey, Lebanon and Syria, is distributed across approx- imately 482.391 hectares (ha) in Turkey, 2.300 ha in Lebanon and MATERIAL AND METHODS 400 ha in Syria (Aksoy and Özalp, 1990; Aytar et al., 2011; Khuri et al., 2000; OGM, 2015). The Taurus cedar is one of the most com- The study was conducted in the natural and plantation cedar for- monly used tree species in the plantations of Turkey after the ests of Isparta Regional Forest Directorate in 2015-2016. While col- Crimean pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) lecting samples from shoots where C. cedri was found, the shoot Holmboe) (Boydak, 2014; Yaltırık, 1988). diameter of the colony, distance to shoot tip, and colony width were measured and recorded in the field report along with infor- Cinara cedri was identified in 1936 by J. M. Mimeur in Morocco Ce- mation regarding coordinates, elevation, aspect, and stand in the drus atlantica (Mimeur, 1935). C. cedri is an aphid belonging to the areas where C. cedri was found. Furthermore, the egg, nymph and Hemiptera order and Aphididae family and especially chooses adult stages of C. cedri, in addition to features such as the part of cedar species as a host (Binazzi et al., 2015; Lieutier and Ghaioule, the tree they feed on, whether it causes colour change damage, 2005; Mimeur, 1935). Due to the quality of cedar wood and its formation of fumagine, distribution of the colony on the tree can- wide use as an ornamental plant, C. cedri is distributed across opy, and colony density were investigated and photographed. different areas of the world along with its host. This species was Both nymphs and adults were cultivated and monitored in labo- first recorded in Turkey in 1959 in Gaziantep onC. libani (Tuatay ratory conditions, and information on their biology and morphol- and Remaudiere, 1964). This species was found in Ankara, Konya ogy was recorded. Adults were placed in Eppendorf tubes with (Center, Akşehir), Burdur (Center, Bucak-Sobya-Kızılgöl, Çeltikçi- 70% alcohol, prepared as per Martin (1983) and were categorized beli), İstanbul (Dolmabahçe-Bahçeköy-Yıldız), Hatay (Karaağaçlı), as per Blackman and Eastop (2012). Eskişehir, Afyon, Isparta (Şarkikaraağaç-Kızıldağ), Antalya (Cen- ter, Elmalı-Çığlıkara, Kaş-Sütleğen-Çereli), Samsun (Bafra), Bartın, The identification key for global aphid species belonging to the Tekirdağ, Adana, Karaman, Niğde, Osmaniye, Mersin, Kahraman- genera Cedrus is presented below (Blackman and Eastop, 2012). maraş and Kastamonu (Aslan, 2014; Aytar, 2006; Çanakçıoğlu, 1975; Düzgüneş et al., 1980; Görür et al., 2009; Uygun et al., 2000; Key to aphids on Cedrus (Blackman ve Eastop, 2012): Ülgentürk et al., 2012, 2013; Ünal and Özcan, 2005). 1 Antenna processus terminalis/ basal part of last antennal seg- C. cedri causes damage by sucking the sap from the shoots and ment more than 1. siphunculi long and tubular, swollen distally leaves of cedar trees which consequently leads to the needles .....Illinoia morrisoni turning red and drying out (Tuatay, 1999). The secreted honey- - Antenna processus terminalis/ basal part of last antennal seg- dew sticks to leaves and shoots causing occlusion of the stoma ment less than 1. siphunculi are broad hairy cones .....2 and lenticels. Additionally, the fungus growing on this secretion 2 Rostral segment V short, flask-shaped, pointed only at tip, leads to fumagine, thereby blocking photosynthesis of the tree. hardly longer than its basal width. siphunculi cones with few Several fly and bee species are also attracted to the honeydew hairs, in 1-2 rings around pore .....Schizolachnus pineti and the trees which are also damaged from disease-related - Rostral segment V acutely pointed, dagger-shaped, usually factors associated with these species. Loss of increment is ob- twice or more as long as its basal width. siphunculi cones large served on the damaged trees and their seed production yield and dark with numerous hairs .....3 decreases (Binazzi et al., 2015; Çanakçıoğlu, 1975; Núňez-Perez 3 Antenna 5-segmented. Dorsal hairs of aptera club-shaped, or- and Tizado, 1996). Despite its damaging effects, this species pro- namented with numerous barbules .....Cinara laportei vides nutrition for ants, bees and fly species due to its honey- - Antenna 6-segmented. Dorsal hairs normal, pointed .....4 dew secretion and is important for the continuation of the eco- 4 Hairs on body and appendages short; those on antenna III maxi- logical balance. It is known that ants that visit aphids on plants mally about as long as basal diameter of segment .....Cinara curvipes increase honeydew secretion, which facilitates the predation of - Hairs mostly long; longest hairs on antenna III maximally more some harmful insects by ants and keeps away the natural ene- than 2 × basal diameter of segment .....5 mies of aphids (Ülgentürk et al., 2012). 5 Body lenght 3.0 mm or less. Dorsal length of hind tarsus I dis- tinctly longer basal width .....6 A semi-arid climate is the influencing environment across 35% - Body lenght more than 3.0 mm. Dorsal length of hind tarsus I of Turkey and most of this area is potential plantation fields.