Jurnal Biosains Vol. 6 No. 2 Agustus 2020 ISSN 2443-1230 (cetak) DOI: https://doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v6i2.17608 ISSN 2460-6804 (online) JBIO: JURNAL BIOSAINS (The Journal of Biosciences) http://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/biosains email : [email protected] IDENTIFICATION OF MYCOHETEROTROPHIC PLANTS (Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae, Polygalaceae, Tiuridaceae) IN NORTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA 1Dina Handayani, 1Salwa Rezeqi, 1Wina Dyah Puspita Sari, 2Yusran Efendi Ritonga, 2Hary Prakasa 1Department of Biology, FMIPA, State University of Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Jl. Willem Iskandar/ Pasar V, Kenangan Baru, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia 2Biologi Pecinta Alam Sumatera Utara (BIOTA SUMUT), Gg. Obat II No.14, Sei Kera Hilir II, Kec. Medan Perjuangan, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara 20233 Email korespondensi: [email protected] Received: Februari 2020; Revised: Juli 2020; Accepted: Agustus 2020 ABSTRACT The majority of mycoheterotrophic herbs live in shady and humid forest. Therefore, the types of mycoheterotrophic plant are very abundant in tropical areas. One of the areas in Indonesia with the tropics is North Sumatera province. Unfortunately, the information about the species of mycoheterotrophic in North Sumatra is still limited. The objective of the research was to figure out the types of mycoheterotrophic plants in North Sumatra. The study was conducted in August until October 2019 in several areas of the Natural Resources Conservation Hall (BBKSDA) of North Sumatra province, the nature Reserve and nature Park. The research sites covered Tinggi Raja Nature Reserve, Dolok Sibual-Buali Nature Reserve, Sibolangit Tourist Park and Sicike-Cike Natural Park. In conducting sampling, the method used was through exploration or cruising method. The list of mycoheterotrophic plant species presented in this study consisted of their scientific names, synonyms, descriptions, distributions, and ecological information. A total of 9 species of mycoheterotrophic plants (4 families) in Sumatra have been found. As for the family Burmanniaceae, there are three species Burmannia championii, Burmannia lutescens, Gymnosiphon aphyllus. On the other hand, as for the Orchidaceae, there are 4 species, such as Didymoplexis pallens, Eulophia zollingeri, Galeola lindleyana, Gastrodia verrucosa while for the Poligalaceae and Tiuridaceae family, simply one type is found: Epirixanthes elongata and Sciaphila Secundiflora, respectively. Keyword: Mycoheterotrophic, Burmanniaceae, Orchidaceae, Poligalaceae, Tiuridaceae Introduction characteristic that can be observed is that they Mycoheterotrophic plants were initially possess no green leaves (Muhaimin et al. 2017; found in 1866 by Odoardo Beccari, an Italian Leake 1994; Merckx et al. 2013). In some recent botanist at Mount Matang, Sarawak, Malaysia literature, Mycoheterotrophic plants can be also (Razka 2018) and were introduced by Leake (1994). called holomycotrophic plants (Campbell, 2014). The plants were known as saprophyte but they were Currently, Mycoheterotrophic has 17 turned into mycoheterotrophic because the families, 101 genera and 880 species (Merckx et al. meaning of saprophytes was considered less 2013) that consists of Pteridophyta and appropriate and often interpreted incorrectly Spermatophyta. The nail plants that associate with (Leake 2005). Grouping the plants is on the basis of fungi come from the families of Lycopodiaceae, the loss of their ability to perform photosynthesis so Ophioglossaceae and Psilotaceae (Muhaimin et al. as to acquire nutrients from soil, they need to 2017). Flowering Plants (Spermatophyta) consist of associate with mycorrhizal. Thus, their growth is ten families with 89 genera. The Monochotil is highly dependent on the rainy season which can Burmanniaceae, Thismiaceae, Corsiaceae, Iridaceae, affect the condition of light intensity, temperature, Orchidaceae, Peterosoviaceae, and Triuridaceae. pH and soil humidity of their habitat. The condition The Dichotil is Ericaceae, Gentianaceae and also affects the emergence of mycoheterotrophic Polygalaceae. The majority of mycoheterotrophic plants (Leake 2005). A specific morphological plants live in a shady and humid forest habitat. 59 Jurnal Biosains Vol. 6 No. 2 Agustus 2020 ISSN 2443-1230 (cetak) DOI: https://doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v6i2.17608 ISSN 2460-6804 (online) Therefore, the types of mycoheterotrophic are parties such as researchers, students and lecturers highly abundant in tropical areas (Leake 1994). who are interested in the study of One of the areas with the tropics is North mycoheterotrophic. Sumatra province. North Sumatra is located at 1 °-4 ° N and 98 °-100 ° E, with total area of 7,981.23 km². Materials And Methods The boundaries of North Sumatra province are Aceh This present study was conducted in August province (north), Straits of Malacca (east), Riau until October 2019 in several areas of the Natural Province and West Sumatra (south) as well as Aceh Resources Conservation Hall (BBKSDA) of North Province and Indonesian Ocean (west). North Sumatra province, the nature Reserve and nature Sumatra has a tropical wet climate with average Park. The research sites covered Tinggi Raja Nature rainfall ranging from 800-4,000 mm per year. The Reserve, Dolok Sibual-Buali Nature Reserve, average sunlight illumination intensity is 43% while Sibolangit Tourist Park and Sicike-Cike Natural air humidity varies between 78%-91% (BPS 2013). Park. The sites were selected because they have a Forest is a unity of ecosystem in the form of forest function that is not disturbed from land land that contains natural resources dominated by conversion and illegal logging. They also have place trees in the natural fellowship of the environment for mycoheterotrophic to live in, which is a tree, that where one with the other cannot be separated. forms a canopy so that it has a closed and damp land. Forest areas are particular territories designated This refers to the habitat of mycoheterotrophic and/or set by the Government to be retained as a plants that are not exposed to sunlight. permanent forest. In North Sumatra, the area covers In conducting sampling, the method used was 3,742,120 ha or 52.20% of the entire area of the through exploration. Each of the samples found at province which has an area of 7,168,000 ha (Law the given sites was photographed and the plants No. 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry). The whole were taken for herbarium and identification forest is a conservation area. Conservation forests in purposes. The identification of mycoheterotrophic Sumatra are unique to the lowlands, highlands, and plants based on several morphological features mountains. The area which become the site of the such as habitus, stems, flowers, roots and matched present research is that at a height of 360 - 1,500 using literature. meters above sea level (masl). The list of mycoheterotrophic species Unfortunately, the information about the presented in the present study consists of scientific species of mycoheterotrophic plants in North names, synonyms, descriptions, distributions, Sumatra is limited. The present research could be an ecological information. The species are categorized initial effort to generate new knowledge and as mikohototrophic that can be fully characterized provide important information about based on the absence of green leaves (Leake 1994; mycoheterotrophic species which can benefit many Merckx et al . 2013) Tabel 1. Sampling Coordinates No Location Coordinate 1. Tinggi Raja Nature Reserve N 03008’35.4” E 098047’25.9” 2. Dolok Sibual-Buali Nature Reserve N 01032’33.46” E 099016’33.37” 3. Sibolangit Tourist Park N 03019’54.0” E 098035’04.3” 4. Sicike-Cike Natural Park N 02°38'44.60" E 098°22'49.35" 60 Jurnal Biosains Vol. 6 No. 2 Agustus 2020 ISSN 2443-1230 (cetak) DOI: https://doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v6i2.17608 ISSN 2460-6804 (online) Figure 1. Locations Map of Mycoheterotrophic Plant Sampling in North Sumatra Result And Discussion family has one species which is Burmannia Results of the field explorations found nine lutescens. As for the Orchidaceae, there are two species of mycoheterotrophic plants (4 families, 8 species: Epipogium roseum and Gastrodia siamensis genera); namely, Burmaniaceae, Orchidaceae, Rolfe ex Downie (Table 2) Polygalaceae, dan Tiuridaceae. the Burmaniaceae Table 2. Mycoheterotrophic plants found in North Sumatra Family No Species Burmaniaceae 1 Burmannia championii 2 Burmannia lutescens 3 Gymnosiphon aphyllus Orchidaceae 4 Didymoplexis pallens 5 Eulophia zollingeri 6 Galeola lindleyana 7 Gastrodia verrucosa Polygalaceae 8 Epirixanthes elongata Tiuridaceae 9 Sciaphila secundiflora Burmanniaceae Distribution: China, Korea, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, 1. Burmannia championii Thwaites Vietnam, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysian Penynsula, Synonym: Burmannia chionantha (Schltr.), New Guinea, Borneo, Java and Sumatra. Burmannia dalzielii (Rendle), Burmannia Ecological Information: they grow under the canopy hunanensis (K.M.Liu & C.L.Long), Burmannia of giant trees. japonica (Maxim. ex Matsum.), Burmannia tuberosa (Becc.) 2. Burmannia lutescens Becc. The plant grows on sloping land under the Synonym: Burmannia candida (Blume) Engl. canopy with sandy soil. They are simply found close [Illegitimate], Burmannia gjellerupii J.J.Sm., to the river in Dolok Tinggi Raja Nature Reserve. Burmannia gonyantha Hochr., Burmannia novae- Their small body is white with a height reaching 12 hiberniae Schltr., Burmannia papillosa Stapf, cm. They are unbranched, and have round stem with Burmannia tridentata Becc., Gonianthes