AP® PHYSICS 2 TABLE OF INFORMATION CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS -27 -19 Proton mass, mp =1.67 ¥ 10 kg Electron charge magnitude, e =1.60 ¥ 10 C -27 -19 Neutron mass, mn =1.67 ¥ 10 kg 1 electron volt, 1 eV= 1.60 ¥ 10 J -31 8 Electron mass, me =9.11 ¥ 10 kg Speed of light, c =3.00 ¥ 10 m s Universal gravitational Avogadro’s number, N 6.02 1023 mol- 1 -11 3 2 0 = ¥ constant, G =6.67 ¥ 10 m kg s Acceleration due to gravity 2 Universal gas constant, R = 8.31 J (mol K) at Earth’s surface, g = 9.8 m s -23 Boltzmann’s constant, kB =1.38 ¥ 10 J K 1 unified atomic mass unit, 1 u=¥= 1.66 10-27 kg 931 MeV c2 -34 -15 Planck’s constant, h =¥=¥6.63 10 J s 4.14 10 eV s -25 3 hc =¥=¥1.99 10 J m 1.24 10 eV nm -12 2 2 Vacuum permittivity, e0 =8.85 ¥ 10 C N m 9 22 Coulomb’s law constant, k =1 4pe0 = 9.0 ¥ 10 N m C -7 Vacuum permeability, mp0 =4 ¥ 10 (T m) A -7 Magnetic constant, k¢ =mp0 4 = 1 ¥ 10 (T m) A 1 atmosphere pressure, 1 atm=¥= 1.0 1052 N m 1.0¥ 105 Pa meter, m mole, mol watt, W farad, F kilogram, kg hertz, Hz coulomb, C tesla, T UNIT second, s newton, N volt, V degree Celsius, ∞C SYMBOLS ampere, A pascal, Pa ohm, W electron volt, eV kelvin, K joule, J henry, H PREFIXES VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES Factor Prefix Symbol q 0 30 37 45 53 60 90 12 tera T 10 sinq 0 12 35 22 45 32 1 109 giga G cosq 1 32 45 22 35 12 0 106 mega M 103 kilo k tanq 0 33 34 1 43 3 • 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m The following conventions are used in this exam. I. The frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial unless 6 10- micro m otherwise stated. 10-9 nano n II. In all situations, positive work is defined as work done on a system. -12 III. The direction of current is conventional current: the direction in which 10 pico p positive charge would drift. IV. Assume all batteries and meters are ideal unless otherwise stated. V. Assume edge effects for the electric field of a parallel plate capacitor unless otherwise stated. VI. For any isolated electrically charged object, the electric potential is defined as zero at infinite distance from the charged object AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based Table of Information: Equations 1 of 3 © 2020 College Board AP® PHYSICS 2 EQUATIONS MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM ÃÃ= + at a = acceleration 1 qq A = area xx0 x F 12 E = 2 A = amplitude 4pe0 r B = magnetic field 1 2 d = distance C = capacitance x =++x00Ãx t atx 2 E = energy F d = distance E = E F = force q E = electric field ÃÃ222ax x xx=+0 x(-0) f = frequency e = emf 1 q I = rotational inertia E = F = force F F 4pe 2 a = = net K = kinetic energy 0 r I = current mm k = spring constant = length DUE = qVD L = angular momentum P = power Ff£ m F n = length 1 q Q = charge V 2 = à m = mass 4pe0 r q = point charge ac = P = power R = resistance r p = momentum DV r = separation pmv E = = r = radius or separation Dr t = time Dp FtD T = period Q U = potential (stored) = DV = t = time C energy 1 U = potential energy V = electric potential K= mv2 2 v = speed A v = speed C = ke0 W = work done on a d k = dielectric DE= W = F d = Fd cosq system Q constant E = x = position r = resistivity DE e0 A P = y = height Dt q = angle a = angular acceleration 112 1 UC = QVD = C(D V)F = flux qq=++ wt at2 m = coefficient of friction 22 002 q = angle ww=0 + at t = torque DQ I = w = angular speed Dt F= qv ¥ B x =Acosw t = A cos 2p ft M ()() 1 2 U= kx r s 2 R =  mxii A FM = qvsinq B xcm =  mi DUg = mgD y P = IVD F= IB ¥ t t 21p M a = = net T = = DV II w f I = R FIM = sinq B tr F rF sinq m =^ = T = 2p s k RRs=  i i F BA LI= w B = T = 2p 11 DDLt= t p g = RR FB = Bcosq A pi i 1 2 mm12 KI= w FGg = 2 2 CCp=  i DFB r i e = - Dt F Fs = kx g 11 g = = m CC e = B v sii Gm12 m UG = - m I r B = 0 2p r AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based Table of Information: Equations 2 of 3 © 2020 College Board AP® PHYSICS 2 EQUATIONS FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL PHYSICS WAVES AND OPTICS m A = area v d = separation r = l = V F = force f f = frequency or h = depth focal length F P = k = thermal conductivity c h = height A n = K = kinetic energy à L = distance L = thickness M = magnification P= P0 + r gh n112sinq= n sin q2 m = mass m = an integer F= r Vg 111 b n = number of moles += n = index of N = number of molecules ssio f refraction A v= Av 11 2 2 P = pressure s = distance hisi 1 Q = energy transferred to a M = = v = speed P++r gyr v 2 hs 112 1 system by heating oo l = wavelength 1 2 T = temperature DLml q = angle =++Pr gy r v = 222 2t = time dsinq= ml U = internal energy Q kAD T = V = volume DtL v = speed GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY PV nRT Nk T W = work done on a system = = B Rectangle A = area y = height 3 A = bh C = circumference K= kT r = density 2 B V = volume Triangle S = surface area W= - PVD 1 A = bh b = base 2 DU= QW + h = height = length Circle w = width 2 Ar= p r = radius Cr= 2p MODERN PHYSICS E = hf E = energy Rectangular solid Right triangle f = frequency V= wh 2 22 c= ab + Kmax = hf - f K = kinetic energy a m = mass Cylinder sinq = h p = momentum 2 c l = Vr= p p l = wavelength b 2 cosq = f = work function Sr=22p + pr c E mc2 = a tanq = Sphere b 4 Vr= p 3 3 c a 2 Sr= 4p q 90 b 3 of 3 AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based Table of Information: Equations © 2020 College Board.