Conducting Integrity Assessments of WASH in Schools Pilot Project Using the AWIS Methodology in Andhra Pradesh, India Foreword LEAD AUTHORS N. L. Narasimha Reddy and R. Murali Foreword OTHER INDIVIDUALS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE PROJECT / TEAM MEMBERS School WASH Integrity Assessment Assessment Integrity School WASH Name Title Organization Mr B. Das Program Coordinator WIN Although governance is a word used frequently in A project of such complexity is not easy, involving as Mr R. Murali Secretary MARI recent times, an exploration into its complexities, it does, multiple sources of data and information, the Mr N. L. N. Reddy Director (Programs) MARI especially as they relate to the provision of public separation of perception from observed realities and Mr P. Rajamohan Reddy State Coordinator MARI services in the water sector, is an uncommon the interpretation of the significance of findings, not Mr K. Raji Reddy District Facilitator MARI endeavour. By undertaking a project in this domain, least the separation of the impact of efficiency from Mr K. Joginaidu CEO SVDS FANSA has taken three important steps. that of integrity. Ms K. Saraswathi District Facilitator SVDS Mr G. Thirupati Reddy CEO APARD The first is to become part of an effort by three By embarking on this journey, FANSA has taken a bold Mr G. V. Reddy Project Officer APARD organizations, Arghyam as the funder, the Water step, hopefully one that many others will follow, in Mr B. Chinnapareddy Freelancer Integrity Network as the provider of diagnostic tools, their attempts to advance the practice of transparency, Mrs Goparaju Sudha Freelancer and FANSA as the entity to use the resources and accountability and participation which form the core Mrs R. Rama Jyothi Freelancer knowledge in the field as part of a cooperative effort principles of integrity in public governance in the involving people, civil society organizations and water sector. government departments. REVIEW AND EDITING The second is to take a road less travelled by exploring Ravi Narayanan, Kiran Pereira and Claire Grandadam the intricacies of public service provision in detail, down to the last mile. Advisor –Arghyam, Chair – Water Integrity Network Finally, the choice of concentrating this effort in the June, 2014 PHOTOS domain of school water and sanitation provision FANSA, APARD, MARI, SVDS makes it specific to a development programme affecting children, and the health and well-being of future generations. DESIGN Studio Kleinod, Berlin IMPRINT © FANSA, WIN, Arghyam, 2015. All rights reserved. Published by WIN e.V. – Water Integrity Network Association Alt Moabit 91b 10559 Berlin Germany www.waterintegritynetwork.net DISCLAIMER Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report. All information it contains was believed to be correct as of December 2014. WIN and its partners can nonetheless not accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for any purpose. 2 FANSA, WIN, Arghyam, 2015 FANSA, WIN, Arghyam, 2015 3 Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 1 INTRODUCTION 10 2 THE ANNOTATED WATER INTEGRITY SCAN: A TOOL TO ASSESS WATER INTEGRITY 11 3 AWIS ADAPTATIONS FOR A SCHOOL WASH INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT: PROJECT METHODOLOGY 12 3.0 Selection of study area 13 3.1 Secondary information and policy review 13 3.2 School WASH participatory survey 13 3.3 AWIS workshops 13 3.4 District and state-level workshops 14 4 PROJECT OUTCOMES: AN ASSESSMENT OF INTEGRITY IN SCHOOL WASH 16 4.1 TAP assessment result overview 16 4.2 Risk area 1: policy enforcement 16 4.3 Risk area 2: availability of facilities 18 4.4 Risk area 3: access to service 20 4.5 Risk area 4: quality of service 21 4.6 Risk area 5: cleaning and maintenance 22 4.7 Risk area 6: costs and budgets 23 4.8 Risk area 7: human resources 25 4.9 Risk area 8: institutions 25 4.10 Overarching concerns and conclusions 27 5 LESSONS LEARNED FROM USING AWIS 28 4 FANSA, WIN, Arghyam, 2015 5 List of Abbreviations List LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS School WASH Integrity Assessment Assessment Integrity School WASH 6 MOVING FORWARD: ADDRESSING KEY INTEGRITY GAPS 29 ACM Anti-Corruption Measures 6.1 Awareness and engagement 29 ASCI Administrative Staff College of India 6.2 Equity and inclusion 29 AWIS Annotated Water Integrity Scan 6.3 Stakeholder coordination 30 CBSE Central Board of Secondary Education 6.4 Planning and monitoring 30 CSO Civil Society Organization CWS Centre for World Solidarity 7 PROJECT FOLLOW-UP: EXPERIENCE SHARING AND NEW PARTNERSHIPS 32 CWSN Children with Special Needs DISE District Information System for Education FGD Focus Group Discussion ANNEX 1. Schools where AWIS workshops were conducted 33 GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit ANNEX 2. Risk areas by pillars of integrity and indicators for scoring in standard AWIS 35 GOAP Government of Andhra Pradesh ANNEX 3. Modified AWIS framework: risk areas by pillar of integrity and scoring indicators 38 GP Gram Panchayat ANNEX 4. Existing policy and major State interventions for school WASH 40 ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ANNEX 5. Important government guidelines on school WASH 42 MDG Millennium Development Goals MHM Menstrual Hygiene Management NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme O&M REFERENCES 44 Operations & Maintenance PRI Panchayati Raj Institution RTE Right to Education RVM Rajiv Vidya Mission SACOSAN South Asian Conference on Sanitation SDP School Development Plan SMC School Management Committee SSHE School Sanitation and Hygiene Education TAP Transparency Accountability Participation UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UP Upper Primary WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WHO World Health Organization 6 FANSA, WIN, Arghyam, 2015 FANSA, WIN, Arghyam, 2015 7 Acknowledgements Executive Summary From the outset, we thank Arghyam for supporting this project. In particular, we thank Investments in the water and sanitation sector in India, Evidence of serious deficiencies in school WASH Mr Ravi Narayanan, Advisor; Mr Bishwadeep Ghose, Director of Grants and Advocacy; and particularly for School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene was uncovered through the project. It was found that Ms Kavita Nath, Project Manager for Grants; for their critical input and support at various services (WASH), are increasing in efforts to reach despite investments, toilet facilities in three-quarters stages of the study. the Millennium Development Goals and the post- of the schools assessed were not in a usable condition 2015 sustainable development goals. The progress of and were not compliant with legal standards after Mr Binayak Das, from the Water Integrity Network Secretariat was closely involved in the service coverage, however, is not commensurate with the deadlines for compliance with national policy was project. We are very grateful to him for his keen interest in the study, his valuable suggestions the increased investments. Official records report that already passed. There were no toilet facilities at all on the methodology and analysis, and his participation in the AWIS and final disseminations over 90% of the country’s schools have drinking water in 10% of the schools surveyed for the project. The workshops held in April 2014. facilities and 60% have functional toilet facilities. results also clearly indicate that the school children, Three organizations actively participated in the study: Awakening People’s Action for This data may now need to be reviewed according particularly the girls, are most impacted by the lack of Rural Development (APARD), Modern Architects for Rural India (MARI) and Sarada Valley to the results and experience gained from this pilot basic sanitation and water services in their schools. Development Samithi (SVDS). We thank the representatives and staff of these organizations project in Andhra Pradesh. Several issues that particularly hinder progress for their cooperation and support in carrying out the school-WASH assessment, Corruption and poor quality construction and were identified: first a lack of awareness on behalf AWIS workshops and district-level multi-stakeholder meetings. maintenance are impeding the actual progress of of almost all stakeholders of the actual situation in We benefitted tremendously from the interaction with the study advisory group members: WASH in schools and the poor and disenfranchised are schools, of legal standards to be met, and of options Mr Salathiel R Nalli (UNICEF), Ms Goparaju Sudha (Freelancer), Dr Snehalatha (Freelancer), bearing the brunt of such corrupt practices. Assessing to demand better service. Second, it appears that Mr Ramesh Shekar Reddy (MAHITA) and Mr. M. Ramachandrudu (WASSAN). We thank them integrity levels and risks in the planning development little consideration is given to budgets for recurring for their guidance and excellent advice on the adaptation to school WASH of the AWIS tool. and monitoring of school WASH assets, and identifying expenditure such as cleaning and maintenance costs relevant integrity improvement measures are therefore and that there is little incentive or willingness to Mr Aralikatty Venkatesh, the then GTF Asia Regional Coordinator, has provided support essential steps towards meeting sector targets and ensure sustainable service. Significant investments and guidance for the conceptualization and implementation of this study. We also thank him sustaining progress of WASH coverage. have been and continue to be made for school WASH, for his support. yet costs and budget