1.1 :1-‘,:RounTE;s- FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Trans1atjo x. No. 1813 • Actiniarian nqmatocysts and their importance for classification by H. Schmidt Original title: Die Nesselkapseln der Aktinien und ihre differentialdiagnostische Bedeutung • From: Helgolander wiss. Meeresunters, 19: 284-317, 1969 Translated by the Translation Bureag(VNN) Foreign Languages Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station Nanaimo, B. C. 1971. 63 pages typescript f \ DE1PARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION DES LANGUES DIVISION CANADA ÉTRANGÈRES TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN German English AUTHOR - AUTEUR H. SCHELDT TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Actiniarian nematocysts and their importance • for c1aseification Title in foreign lamguage- (tr-ansliterate forelek-choulactere) Die Nesse1kapeeln der Aktinien und ihre differentia1diagnoetische Bedeutung R EFRENCE‘ IN FOREIGNI,ANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHAIRACTERS. REFERENCE EN LANGUE ETRANGÉRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET.TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTERES PHONÉTIQUES. Helgordader wiss. Meeresunters. 19, 284 - 317, 1969 REFERENCE IN ENGLISH - RÉFÉRENCE EN ANGLAIS PUBL ISH ER - ÉDITEUR PAGE.NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMEROS DES PAGES DANS DATE DE PUBLICATION L'ORIGINAL YEAR ISSUE NO. 284 - 317 VOLUME ANNEE NUMÉRO PLACE OF PUBLICATION NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES • LIEU.DE PUBLICATION NOMBRE DE PAGES DACTYLOGRAPHIÉES 1969 63 0448 REQUESTING DEPARTMENT Fisheries and Forestry TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. MINISTÉRE-CLIENT NOTRE . DOSSIER NO VNN BRANCH OR DIVISION Fisheries Research Board TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DIRECTION OU DIVISION TRADUCtEUR (INITIALES) Dr. M. Arai, 1911 PERSONf;EQUESTING Biological Station, DATE SOMPLETED Lail. 1 3 DEMANDE PAR Nanaimo, B. C. ACHEVE LE • YOUR NUMBER VOTRE DOSSIER N 0 UNEDITED DRAFT TRANSLATION DATE OF REQUEST June 17, 1971 0My her information DATE DE LA DEMANDE • REVISÉE • TRADUCTION NON Inkirmation seulement S05.200-10.6 tREV. 2/661 s t DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION DIVISION DES LANGUES ÉTRANGÈRES CANADA CLIENT'S NO. DEPARTMENT DIVISION/BRANCH CITY No DU CLIENT MINISTERE DIVISION/DIRECTION VILLE Fisheries Research Bd., 769-18-14 Fisheries and Forestry Biological Station Nanaimo, B. C BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DATE N° DU BUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) 0448 • German • P'q 1 7, 1971 V. N. N. so \ • i- -' • . - - "Die Neeselkapseln der Aktinien und Dare- differentialdiagnoetisChe Bedeutung," Helgollinder wisse-Meeresunters4-2 284 - 317, 1969 Acti*rian nematocysts ,and their importance for classification by H. SCHMIDT Prom the First Institute of Zoology, UniYersity of • Giessen, Gieesen/Lahn,.Germany* ABSTRACT:. Nematocysts of 36 actinian species of the North Sea, Mediterranean and Red Sea we •e studied by phase cOntrast and electron microscopy. Spirocysts differ from nematocysts in having, just after discharge, a single thread.of secretion ("Quellfaden") entwining the tube in left turns . Haplonemes and heteronemes are redefined. In undisdiarged condition, hetero- nemes have a basal sha ft ("Achsenkeirper") of greater diameter than the thread. The everted shaft of .heteronemes bears coarse armature abruptly reduced on the thread. The tube of haplonernes, however, is of nearly uniform di.anieter (isorhizes) or broader at the basis (anisorhizes). The lengtil of the spines is proportional to the respective diameter of the tube. Other categories of haplonemes are eliminated. Haplonernes have a wider distribution than generally believed. They are not known as yet from the scapus of many Acontiaria and from the tentacles of some individuals within the Hormathiidae. The categOries, proposed by WEILL ( 1934), of microbasic and macrobasic mastigophores and amastigophores are substituted by the • categories of b- and p-rhabdoides. Within the Actiniaria p-rhabdoides differ from b-rhabdoides by having an unarmed thread, invaginated into the funnelshaped opening at the distal end of the uneverted shaft. The thread of b-rhabdoides, however, alWays bears spines. The shaft of some rhabdoides can be divided into a folded proximal part ("Faltstiick") and a distal main-, part ("Hauptstück"). The two parts differ in structure and, armature. These rhabdoides tend to throw out the mass of spines in a dartlike structure if disCharge is hampered. Several new variations and categories of b- and p-rhabdoides are presented; their taxonomic value is demonstrated by some «amples. UNEDITED DRAFT TRANSLATION . 9nly.ffor information . TRADUCTiON. NON REVISÉE I infou•a,ion • • 2 • Introduction Taxonomists early recognized the importance of the nematocyst types for classification of Onidaria. Milne Edwards (1857) was the first author to consider the nematocysts in the description of actinian species. Next there followed numerous publications dealing chiefly with the morphology and function (Ivanzov, 1896, Will, 1909; 1914; Outress, 1955; Hand, 1961; Westfall, 1964 - 1966; Skier and Picken, 1965; Picken • and Skaer, 1966) and to a lesser extent with the importance of the I. nematocysts for the taxonomy of the actinian species (Stephenson, 1929; Carlgren, 1940; 1945). In his comprehensive work, Weill (1934) hae classified the nematocysts of the various cnidarians within a system, and he has created an extensive terminology on these structures. Weill's system has been adopted by all taxonomists, but its pratical application bas met with • 285 . difficulties (Russel, 1953), and this system, therefore, bas been sub- jected to criticism (Stephenson, 1935; Carlgren, 1940; Outress, 1955). In the Oharacterization of hie nematocyst categories, Weill, in fact, has not done full justice to both the taxonomic situation of the Acti- niaria and the morphological aspects of their nematocists. These defi- ciences have already led te extensive modifications of certain of Wes categories by Carlgren (1940) and by Outress (1955). Weill's system—although introduced into German taxonomic termi- nology only in 1965--can no longer be reconciled with the results of recent studies (Westfall, 1965; 1966; Picken and Skaer, 1966). Y" On the basis of the results of our Own studies on adtinian ,species,vie now propose modifications of Weilllé system with respect to the neMatocystS • of the Actiniaria and, inParticular, with respect to the thabdoid heteronemes. Material and Methods===== •- Nematocysts of 36 actinian Species freely obtained from the Red Sea, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, respectively, have been studied usingiaoth the dark - contetand the phase contrast .(aftet Zernike) methods.. In most capsules,- we were able to induct(' disearge with the aid of distilled water or diluted glacial acetic acid (1:10). The greater part of our electron-microscopic étudies was carried'out . in total preparations in a manner simila• to the one described.by Robson • (1953)..POrmvar-coated copper nets were dabbed with freàh actinian tissues, dried, and.subsequently-bathed in eitherdiluted glacial acetic acid or distilled water. For the-preparation of the ultrathin sections, ,the . tissue material was pre-fixed for twelve hours at room temperature in a mixture of 2.5% glateraldehyde, 1.5% Na01, and 0.13 M Phosphate buffer - (pR 7.5); the matriai was then fixed for one hour in i% 0804 dissolved - ;in the same buffer . solution, and firmly:embedded in Epon..0ontrast staining was carried out by addiritif. , 1%-phosPhotungetic acid and 0.9% . uranyl acetate. to 70% ethanol. • 'T • Results======= The chidae Of the.actinian species can be divided into "spirocysts" and "nematocysts" . In certain categories, the nematocyst tube can be subdivided into a "Shaft" (basal shaft) and a "thread". , The spirocysts The question whether the spirocysts represent ordinary nemato- cysts (Will, 1909; Stephenson, 1925; Outress, 1955) or cnidae of a particular type (Weill, 1934) was not settled until recently. The most recent electron-micrographic results have revealed the particular structure of the spirocysts. In addition to variations in capsule fine- a structure, Westfall (1964; 1965) has foundeertain significant peculiarity in undischarged spirocysts viz. that the content of the thread consista of 30 to 40 little rods or tubuli arranged parallel to the longi- tudinal axis of the thread; • Westfall was unable to elucidate the I 287 function of these little rods or tubuli. The results obtained in our own studies have shown that the spirocysts--in contrast to the observations made by Outress (1955) and by Hand (1961)--can easily be discharged, and that they, in the discharged state, clearly differ from the nematocysts. In a manner analogous to the nematocysts (the stinging tube of which consista of three right- handed spine coils), the tube of the spirocystse according to the views • held earlier, ought to be equipped with three ridges able to undergo swelling (Will, 1909; Stephenson, 1929). However, I have repeatedly • •• 5 • 4 e ,à e .`f 'Figure 1 • • Figure 1 - (a) Spirocyst, Alicia costae; capitulum; tube with thread of secretio7TFT5,5707-- (b) Spirocyst, A. costae; relaxed thread of secretion; the tip of the tube (SE) is as yet not discharged (x 1050). (c) b-Rhabdoids, Bunodactis Yerrucosa; mesenterial filament: theahaft and the thread, with the latter bearing spines (D) (x 18,000). (d)Anisorhizal haplonemes,