Putting Adaptive Management into Practice: Collaborative Coastal Management in Tanga, Northern Tanzania Edited by: Sue Wells, Solomon Makoloweka and Melita Samoilys Putting Adaptive Management into Practice: Collaborative Coastal Management in Tanga, Northern Tanzania Edited by: Sue Wells, Solomon Makoloweka and Melita Samoilys 2007 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, Government of Tanzania or Irish Aid (IA) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, Government of Tanzania or Irish Aid (IA). This publication has been made possible by funding from Irish Aid (IA). Published by: Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Sue Wells, Solomon Makoloweka and Melita Samoilys (2007): Putting Adaptive Management into Practice: Collaborative Coastal Management in Tanga, Northern Tanzania, x+ 197p. Photo credits: M. Dengo, M. Mayer, M. Podalan, M. Samoilys, E. Verheij, S. Wells and Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme Design & Layout by: Gordon Arara Available from: IUCN EARO Publications Service Unit P. O. Box 68200 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: + 254 20 890605-12 Fax: +254 20 890615 E-mail: [email protected] www.iucn.org/places/earo ii CONTENTS Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................................v Acronyms..................................................................................................................................................................................viii 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................1 2. Tanga Region - General Description............................................................................................................3 2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................3 2.2. History and traditional knowledge ...................................................................................4 2.3 Economy of Tanga Region...................................................................................................5 2.4. The District...............................................................................................................................6 2.5. Programme stakeholders.....................................................................................................7 2.6. Biodiversity...............................................................................................................................9 3. History and Structure of the Programme ................................................................................................11 3.1. Introduction............................................................................................................................11 3.2. Programme design and approach ...................................................................................12 3.3. Phase I.....................................................................................................................................14 3.4. Phase II...................................................................................................................................16 3.5. Phase III..................................................................................................................................17 3.6. Phase IV ..................................................................................................................................17 4. Collaborative Management Area Planning............................................................................................22 4.1. Introduction............................................................................................................................22 4.2. Collaborative Management Areas (CMAs).....................................................................22 4.3. Collaborative Mangrove Management Areas ...............................................................36 4.4 District and other spatial plans..........................................................................................38 4.5. Conclusions and lessons learnt ........................................................................................39 5. Fisheries and Their Management in Tanga Region .......................................................................46 5.1.Introduction.............................................................................................................................46 5.2. Tanga Region Fisheries.......................................................................................................46 5.3. Description of the artisanal fishery .................................................................................48 5.4. Fisheries monitoring............................................................................................................54 5.5. Catch composition and trends .........................................................................................55 5.6. Compliance and enforcement...........................................................................................61 5.7. Illegal fishery practices .......................................................................................................64 5.8 Conclusions and lessons learnt.........................................................................................71 iii 6. Coral Reefs and Mangroves - Maintaining Ecosystem Health...............................................77 6.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................77 6.2. Coral Reefs ..............................................................................................................................77 6.3. Mangroves...............................................................................................................................96 6.4. Conclusions and lessons learnt .......................................................................................101 7. Enhancing Livelihoods.........................................................................................................................................103 7.1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................103 7.2. Mariculture...........................................................................................................................104 7.3. Agriculture.............................................................................................................................113 7.4. Other Economic Activities.................................................................................................118 7.5. Conclusions and lessons learnt ......................................................................................120 8. Capacity Development .......................................................................................................................................124 8.1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................124 8.2. Environmental education.................................................................................................124 8.3. Training and skills development.....................................................................................128 8.4. Public awareness and communication.........................................................................134 8.5. Infrastructure and equipment..........................................................................................135 8.6. Empowering women ..........................................................................................................136 8.7. Conclusions and lessons learnt.......................................................................................141 9. Institutional Structures and Long-term Sustainabilty...............................................................150 9.1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................150 9.2. Institutional arrangements................................................................................................151 9.3. Financing coastal management......................................................................................161 9.4. Conclusions and lessons learnt.......................................................................................167 10. Conclusions and Lessons Learnt ................................................................................................................170