VOLUME 14, NUMBER 3 (2019) Winner of the 2018 CNMT Essay Competition The Case for Canadian Naval Ballistic Missile Defence Mahan and Understanding the Future of Naval Competition in the Arctic Ocean China’s Arctic Policy and its Potential Impact on Canada’s Arctic Security Technology and Growth: The RCN During the Battle of the Atlantic Our Sponsors and Supporters Canadian Naval Review (CNR) is a ‘not-for-profi t’ pub- not be able to maintain its content diversity and its high lication depending for funding upon its subscription base, quality. Corporate and institutional support also makes the generosity of a small number of corporate sponsors, it possible to put copies of CNR in the hands of Canadian and support from the Department of National Defence. political decision-makers. Th e help of all our supporters In addition, CNR is helped in meeting its objectives allows CNR to continue the extensive outreach program through the support of several professional and charitable established to further public awareness of naval and organizations. Without that corporate support CNR would maritime security and oceans issues in Canada. (www.navalassoc.ca) (www.canadasnavalmemorial.ca) (www.navyleague.ca) To receive more information about the corporate sponsorship plan or to fi nd out more about supporting CNR in other ways, such as through subscription donations and bulk institutional subscriptions, please contact us at [email protected]. i CANADIAN NAVAL REVIEW VOLUME 14, NUMBER 3 (2019) VOLUME 14, NO. 3 (2019) Editorial Board Dr. Andrea Charron, Tim Choi, Vice-Admiral (Ret’d) Gary Credit: Cpl Donna McDonald Garnett, Dr. Rob Huebert, Dr. Adam Lajeunesse, Dr. Danford W. Middlemiss, Dr. Marc Milner, Colonel (Ret’d) John Orr, Hugh Segal, Dr. Elinor Sloan, Mark Sloan, Dr. Denis Stairs, Dr. Stefanie von Hlatky Editor: Dr. Ann L. Griffi ths Assistant Editor: Douglas S. Th omas Operations Manager: Adam Lajeunesse Assistant Manager: Christopher Yurris Photo Editor: Tim Choi Subscriptions/Administration: Mark Sloan Graphic Design: Kim Squared Inc. Printing: Advocate Printing and Publishing Th e Kingston-class Maritime Coastal Defence Vessel HMCS Saskatoon sails near a large piece Th e editorial offi ces of CNR are located at the Brian Mulroney Institute of ice (‘bergy bit’ ) during Operation Nanook 2015 in the Admundsen Gulf, 22 August 2015. of Government, St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Th e mailing address is: Canadian Naval Review, C/O Adam Lajeunesse, Lane Hall, St. Francis Xavier University, 2330 Notre Dame Ave., Antigon- ish, Nova Scotia, Canada, B2G 2W5 Contents Email: [email protected] EDITORIAL: TRENDS AND THEMES IN MARITIME AND ARCTIC 2 Website: www.navalreview.ca SECURITY AND SAFETY Twitter: @CdnNavalReview ANDREA CHARRON Canadian Naval Review is published by the Brian Mulroney Institute of Government at St. Francis Xavier University. It is a professional journal WINNER OF THE 2018 CNMT ESSAY COMPETITION 4 THE CASE FOR CANADIAN NAVAL BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE examining a wide range of maritime security issues from a Canadian ADAM P. MACDONALD perspective. In particular it focuses on strategic concepts, policies, opera- tions, history and procurement of the Canadian Navy, plus national se- curity in general and marine/ocean aff airs. Th is initiative brings together MAHAN AND UNDERSTANDING THE FUTURE OF NAVAL 10 members of the Canadian defence and academic communities. COMPETITION IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN ROB HUEBERT Canadian Naval Review has three primary objectives: • provide a public forum for the discussion of the maritime di- CHINA’S ARCTIC POLICY AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPACT ON 16 mension of Canada’s national security; CANADA’S ARCTIC SECURITY • provide a public forum for the discussion of Canada’s naval and SHERMAN XIAOGANG LAI maritime policies; and • provide a source for the public examination of Canadian naval TECHNOLOGY AND GROWTH: THE RCN DURING THE BATTLE 22 and maritime history and for the development of lessons learned. OF THE ATLANTIC ACTING SUB-LIEUTENANT L.J.W. COLE Th e material included in CNR is presented for the professional and general education of the readers. Articles, commentaries and opinion pieces are invited from the widest possible spectrum for the purpose of informing, MAKING WAVES stimulating debate and generally challenging readers. Th e opinions ex- REMEMBERING PRIME MINISTER KIM CAMPBELL’S LONELY 28 pressed by the authors do not necessarily refl ect the opinions of the Editor, LOSING BATTLE TO REPLACE THE SEA KINGS Editorial Board, Brian Mulroney Institute, the Department of National ROBERT SMOL Defence, or the Canadian Navy. ARE WE LOSING THE NORTH? CANADIAN ARCTIC SECURITY 31 AND SOVEREIGNTY Articles, opinion pieces, book reviews and letters may be submitted via DAVID DUNLOP email or mailed (with an electronic copy) to the address given above. Send RESPONSE TO “UNDERSTANDING THE DELUSION” 34 to the attention of the Editor, Dr. Ann Griffi ths. Articles are to be in Word COMMANDER (RET’D) ROBERT A. RUTHERFORD or WordPerfect format and no longer than 3,000 words. Articles must not have been published elsewhere. Citations should be kept to a minimum DOLLARS AND SENSE: CANADA IS MAKING REAL 35 and articles must be accompanied by a 100-120 word abstract. Opinion PROCUREMENT PROGRESS, BUT STILL FALLING SHORT pieces are to be 1,000-1,500 words. Book reviews are to be 500-750 words. OF STRONG, SECURE, ENGAGED Photos may be submitted with articles or commentaries but they must DAVE PERRY be at least 300 dpi, at an equivalent size to 5 by 7 inches, and internet im- ages cannot be used. Intellectual copyright will remain the property of WARSHIP DEVELOPMENTS: SNIPPETS 37 the author, however, the right to re-publish articles initially published in DOUG THOMAS Canadian Naval Review remains with the Editorial Board. Articles and commentaries written in French are welcome and, if accepted, will be BOOK REVIEWS 39 published in French. Copyright © 2018. ISSN 1715-0213 Canadian Naval Review VOLUMEVOLUME 14, 14, NUMBER NUMBER 3 (2019) 3 (2019) CANADIAN CANADIAN NAVAL NAVAL REVIEW REVIEW 1 1 Editorial Trends and Themes in Maritime and Arctic Security and Safety Maritime and Arctic Security and Safety (MASS) Confer- Canada with the goal of understanding their challenges ence 2018, now in its sixth year, was held 15-16 Novem- in the Arctic and seeking new opportunities for my stu- ber 2018 (with some site visits on the 14th) in St. John’s, dents at the University of Manitoba. Many other partici- Newfoundland. Despite the weather (which hit on the pants were keen for appointments with large companies way in and out), the welcome was very warm and includ- (including Th ales and Lockheed Martin to name just two) ed a ‘screech in.’ MASS 2018 brought together maritime and smaller ones (Avalon Holographics, GRI Simulations, industry representatives, federal and some provincial Rosborough Boats). Government and business represen- representation and a few academics to explore maritime tatives knew each other well and knew the products. I was and Arctic security and safety with a particular focus on defi nitely the one in need of the most education. Arctic technology. Th e Arctic technology theme of MASS 2018 naturally Th e impetus for the conference is to showcase Atlantic dominated the presentations. From the new, private com- Canada’s considerable maritime business and technology munication satellites, which allow vessels north of 79N to talents. As a result, industry networking and opportuni- access the internet, to new advanced composite hull craft s ties to show off products and services of various compa- (‘go-fast boats’) used by the RCMP, Department of Fish- nies, especially Canadian ones, are the main conference eries and Oceans and other departments, to training sce- deliverables. For an academic, this is an important intro- nario simulators (to allow the navy or CCG to test lifeboat duction to what is the driving factor behind many gov- modelling), to the wave and wind facilities of Memorial ernment decisions related to the oceans and the Arctic: University in Newfoundland (MUN) and the National can the service/product/solution be provided by industry Research Council, it was an impressive overview of prod- (preferably Canadian) as government is limited in terms ucts and solutions provided by mainly Canadian com- of resources, personnel and capacity? In addition to the panies. Academics can learn a lot from the succinct pre- displays and exhibits, attendees could socialize during the sentations by industry and government representatives conference breaks, and there was the opportunity to book oft en with impressive graphics and (of course!) Game of one-on-one meetings with industry and government rep- Th rones-inspired music to go with their videos. resentatives – an excellent and innovative idea. I took Beyond the very professional presentations, what was fas- advantage of the opportunity to meet with the Canadian cinating for me was oft en what was not mentioned explic- Coast Guard (CCG), Global Aff airs Canada (Trade Com- itly. Indeed four ‘non’ or implicit themes emerged: climate missioner Services) and Public Services and Procurement change; indigenous peoples; processing and analysing; and geopolitics. First, it was oft en government departments that raised the issue of climate change and the need to prepare. Th e implicit assumption of all in attendance was that climate change was both an opportunity to exploit, oft en via new and incredible simulators, satellites, soft ware and vehi- cles, and a challenge to mitigate, the latter becoming an Credit: Matt Boulton, Flickr. exclusive policy area of government departments. Much of the Canadian Ice Services’ (excellent) presentation, for example, underlined the complexity of climate change in the Arctic. Th e presentation noted, for example, the fact that the amount of ice is increasing in many northern ar- eas and that climate change is making navigation more diffi cult because of ice buildup, not less so.