WB56_SEIA_FM.qxd 1/24/08 8:15 PM Page i WORLD BANK WORKING PAPER NO. 136 Strategies for Sustainable Financing of Secondary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa Africa Human Development Series Keith M. Lewin THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. WB56_SEIA_FM.qxd 1/24/08 8:15 PM Page ii Copyright © 2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First Printing: January 2008 printed on recycled paper 1 2 3 4 5 11 10 09 08 World Bank Working Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally-edited texts. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. 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WB56_SEIA_FM.qxd 1/24/08 8:15 PM Page iii Contents Foreword . ix Acknowledgments . xi Acronyms and Abbreviations . xiii Executive Summary . 1 Mapping Needs . 2 The Context for Expanding Enrollment . 4 Profiling the Challenges for Expanding Enrollment . 6 The Resources Needed. 9 Options for Reforms . 11 Developing a Road Map for Expanding Secondary Education. 16 Ways Forward. 17 Concluding Remarks . 18 Résumé Analytique. 23 Introduction . 23 Besoins d’élaboration d’une carte scolaire . 24 Le train de mesures variées . 27 Conceptualisation du défi à relever . 30 Les ressources nécessaires . 31 Choix de réformes pour développer la participation au secondaire. 35 Élaboration d’une feuille de route pour le développement de l’enseignement secondaire en Afrique subsaharienne. 38 Moyens d’avancer. 40 Remarques finales . 42 Notes . 43 Annexe 1: Participation selon la richesse et le sexe en ass . 44 Annexe 2: Croissance de la population et augmentations du nombre de places dans les établissements et des besoins en enseignants en ass . 46 Annexe 3: Modèles d’inscriptions en ass – Typologie des pays . 48 Annexe 4: Coûts du développement du secondaire . 50 Annexe 5: Tableau synoptique des options pour le développement de l’enseignement secondaire à des coûts accessibles . 52 iii WB56_SEIA_FM.qxd 1/24/08 8:15 PM Page iv IV Contents Introduction . 55 1. Why Secondary Education?. 59 Reasons for Revisiting Investment Policy in Secondary Education . 60 Key Issues for Costs and Finance . 66 2. The Status of Secondary Schooling . 69 Enrollment . 69 Educational Structure . 75 Participation by Gender, Wealth, and Location . 77 Repetition and Over-Age Enrollment . 83 Teachers and Teacher Education . 84 Nongovernment Providers . 86 Technical and Vocational Education . 88 Expenditure and Costs . 90 Conclusions . 92 3. The Challenge of Expanding Secondary Enrollment . 95 How Rapidly Will Secondary Enrollments Grow? . 95 Enrollment Patterns for Grades 1–9 Across Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa . 99 4. How Much Secondary Expansion Is Affordable with and without Reform? . 109 Regional Estimates of the Recurrent Cost of Expanding Secondary Education . 109 Country-Level Estimates of Costs of Expanding Secondary Education . 113 Increasing the Supply of Teachers . 117 Increasing Investment in Educational Infrastructure and Other Development Budget Items . 121 Policy Options for Expanding Secondary Education. 123 The Need for Better Data . 125 5. Options for Affordable Expansion of Secondary Schooling . 127 Expanding National Resources. 127 Changing the Structure of Schooling . 128 Containing Recurrent Costs . 132 Improving the Flow of Students . 134 Improving Teacher Deployment and Utilization . 136 Improving School Management. 137 Reforming Curricula and Pedagogy . 138 WB56_SEIA_FM.qxd 1/24/08 8:15 PM Page v Contents V Reforming Teacher Education . 140 Expanding Facilities and Buildings . 141 Increasing Cost Recovery . 142 Supporting Nongovernment Providers . 146 6. Ways Forward . 149 Starting Points . 149 Financing Expansion. 150 Policy Challenges . ..