Environmentalw ain Pakistan L Governing Natural Resources and the Processes and Institutions That Affect Them Part 5 Sindh Environmental Law in Pakistan Governing Natural Resources and the Processes and w in Pakistan Institutions That Affect Them Sindh Contents Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction to the Series .................................................................................................... 6 Foreword................................................................................................................................ 7 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 9 1. Legislative Jurisdiction ............................................................................................ 10 1.1 Natural Resources .....................................................................................................................10 1.2 Processes and Institutions.........................................................................................................12 2. Methodology.............................................................................................................. 18 3. Hierarchy of Legal Instruments ............................................................................... 19 3.1 Legislative Acts..........................................................................................................................19 3.2 Ordinances.................................................................................................................................20 3.3 Rules and Regulations...............................................................................................................20 3.4 Orders ........................................................................................................................................21 3.5 Notifications ...............................................................................................................................21 3.6 Laws of West Pakistan ..............................................................................................................21 3.7 Islamic Law (Shariah) ................................................................................................................22 4. Governance ............................................................................................................... 23 4.1 Federal.......................................................................................................................................23 4.2 Delegation..................................................................................................................................25 4.3 Provincial ...................................................................................................................................25 4.4 Local Government......................................................................................................................27 5. Natural Resources .................................................................................................... 31 5.1 Land, Tenure..............................................................................................................................31 5.2 Forests, Timber..........................................................................................................................40 5.3 Fisheries ....................................................................................................................................46 5.4 Wildlife, Fauna and Non-Timber Flora.......................................................................................51 5.5 Protected Areas .........................................................................................................................57 5.6 Freshwater .................................................................................................................................59 5.7 Coastal and Marine....................................................................................................................67 6. Processes and Institutions ...................................................................................... 69 6.1 Urban and Rural Development ..................................................................................................70 6.2 Agriculture..................................................................................................................................85 6.3 Extractive Industry—Mining, Petroleum ....................................................................................93 6.4 Non-Extractive Industry, Commercial Operations .....................................................................98 6.5 Taxation ...................................................................................................................................104 6.6 Investment—Domestic and Foreign ........................................................................................109 6.7 Transport..................................................................................................................................110 6.8 Energy and Hydroelectric Power .............................................................................................119 6.9 Tourism ....................................................................................................................................122 6.10 Import and Export ....................................................................................................................123 6.11 Phytosanitary and Quarantine .................................................................................................125 6.12 Intra-Provincial Trade ..............................................................................................................127 6.13 Research Institutions ...............................................................................................................129 6.14 Drugs, Pharmaceuticals...........................................................................................................131 6.15 Other Legal Instruments ..........................................................................................................132 7. Court Decisions....................................................................................................... 143 7.1 Supreme Court of Pakistan......................................................................................................144 7.2 Sindh High Court......................................................................................................................152 7.3 Other Provincial High Courts ...................................................................................................164 Annex 1: Legislative Powers, 1947–1973 ....................................................................... 177 Annex 2: Subject Matter Jurisdiction, 1947–73.............................................................. 179 Annex 3: Multilateral Environmental Agreements ......................................................... 185 Contents 3 Older legal instruments and court decisions employ conventions of usage and punctuation that are in many cases archaic. But even in more recent legislation, grammar and usage are often inconsistent. In the interest of authenticity this usage has been retained in the titles of materials reviewed in this volume. Similarly, until the year 1989, the names of the provinces of Balochistan and Sindh were written “Baluchistan” and “Sind”—the official spelling used by the British colonial administration. This spelling has not been retained in the titles reproduced here. Rather, modern spelling is used throughout the text. The process of amending laws in Pakistan is often carried out in stages by means of specific instruments intended to revise a single law or through amending and adapting legislation that covers multiple legal instruments. The same holds true for repealing laws. As a result, it is sometimes difficult to determine the status of a particular statute. While every effort has been made to ensure that information about the status of legal instruments is up to date, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) does not guarantee that every law reviewed in this volume remains in force as of 2007. IUCN is not responsible for any loss to any person caused by any shortcoming, defect or inaccuracy in this volume. 4 ABBREVIATIONS CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora EIA environmental impact assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency GMO genetically modified organism IEE initial environmental examination IUCN The World Conservation Union KBCA Karachi Building Control Authority KDA Karachi Development Authority KWSB Karachi Water and Sewerage Board NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NWFP North West Frontier Province PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 PPC Pakistan Penal Code 1860 SITE Sindh Industrial and Trading Estate SLGO Sindh Local Government Ordinance 2001 WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority Abbreviations 5 INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES Under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, the term ‘environment’ is defined to mean air, water, land and layers of the atmosphere; living organisms and inorganic matter;