TUMSAT-OACIS Repository - Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (東京海洋大学) The local wisdom in marine resource conservation for strategies of poverty reduction in Indonesia 学位名 博士（海洋科学） 学位授与機関 東京海洋大学 学位授与年度 2018 学位授与番号 12614博乙第35号 権利 全文公表年月日: 2019-06-25 URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1342/00001758/ Doctoral Dissertation THE LOCAL WISDOM IN MARINE RESOURCE CONSERVATION FOR STRATEGIES OF POVERTY REDUCTION IN INDONESIA March 2019 LUCKY ZAMZAMI i To the Villagers of South Tiku ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................... v List of Figures .......................................................................................................... vi List of Photos ........................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................... viii Preface ..................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 1. Background ........................................................................................................ 1 2. Ethnographical Setting ....................................................................................... 5 3. History of the Minangkabau: Pre-colonial and Colonial History ...................... 7 4. After Independence and Reformation ................................................................ 13 5. Social Geography ............................................................................................... 15 6. Population .......................................................................................................... 18 7. Climate ............................................................................................................... 21 8. Religion and Beliefs ........................................................................................... 24 9. Education ........................................................................................................... 27 10. Language ............................................................................................................ 29 11. Subsistence Economy ........................................................................................ 30 12. Migration of Minangkabau People .................................................................... 32 13. Kinship System of the Minangkabau ................................................................. 35 CHAPTER II: THE VILLAGE AND FISHERMEN’S HOUSEHOLD .......... 38 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 38 2. History of the Village ........................................................................................ 41 3. The Layout of the Village ................................................................................. 46 4. The Village Population ...................................................................................... 49 5. The Composition of the Village Household ...................................................... 50 6. Systems of Social Control .................................................................................. 53 7. The Village Economy ........................................................................................ 54 8. Household Structure .......................................................................................... 58 9. Social Relations within the Family .................................................................... 64 10. Inheritance ......................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER III: ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIETIES ................................... 68 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 68 2. Dynamics of the Social Organizations ................................................................. 70 3. Descent Groups .................................................................................................... 74 4. Marriage and Affinal Relationship ...................................................................... 76 5. Relationship in Fishing ........................................................................................ 80 iii CHAPTER IV: FISHERIES IN INDONESIA AND THE PROVINCE OF WEST SUMATRA .................................................................... 85 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 85 2. Fishery and the Fishing Industry in the Province of West Sumatra .................... 94 3. General Fishing Economy at the Village of South Tiku ...................................... 99 4. The Inshore Sector or Traditional Sector ............................................................. 101 5. The Offshore Sector: The Capitalist Mode of Production ................................... 102 6. Division of Fishing Labor .................................................................................... 104 CHAPTER V: COASTAL RESOURCES IN THE VILLAGE......................... 107 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 107 2. Population ............................................................................................................ 110 3. Infrastructure and Services .................................................................................. 113 4. Occupation Structure in Area .............................................................................. 119 5. Occupational Problems ........................................................................................ 125 6. Fishing Gears ....................................................................................................... 131 7. Marine Conservation Area .................................................................................. 133 8. Impact of the Marine Conservation Area Management ....................................... 138 9. Empowerment Activities for the Fishermen’s Households ................................. 142 10. Participation of Fishermen’s Households in Marine Conservation Area .......... 150 CHAPTER VI: THE LOCAL WISDOM FOR STRATEGIES OF POVERTY REDUCTION ........................................................ 155 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 155 2. Aspects of the Local Wisdom in the Fishermen’s Community .......................... 157 a. Spiritual Wisdom ............................................................................................ 159 b. Environmental Sustainability Wisdom .......................................................... 161 c. Cultural Tradition Wisdom ............................................................................ 162 d. Economic Wisdom ......................................................................................... 164 3. Poverty Reduction of the Fishermen’s Households ............................................ 164 CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................... 169 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 177 iv LIST OF TABLES 1. Total Area by Regency/Municipality of the Province of West Sumatra in 2016 ..................................................................................................... 18 2. Population and Population Growth Rate by Regency/Municipality of the Province of West Sumatra between 2014 and 2016 ............................... 19 3. Population by Age Group and Sex of the Province of West Sumatra in 2016 20 4. Number of Households and Average Household Size by Regency/Municipality in 2015 and 2016 .............................................................................................. 21 5. Temperature, Humidity, and Velocity of the Province of West Sumatra in 2016 22 6. Rainfall Average of the Province of West Sumatra in 2017 ............................. 24 7. Percentage of Population by Regency/Municipality and Religion of the Province of West Sumatra in 2016 ........................................................ 27 8. Local Institutions in the Village of South Tiku.... ............................................ 69 9. Ownership of Boats by Categories of Owners and Types of Boats in 2017.... 101 10. Number of District, Wide of Region, Population in Agam Regency the Province of West Sumatra in 2016 ............................................................. 107 11. Land According to Use of Land by Village ..................................................... 109 12. The Composition of Population and Level Age at the Village of South Tiku in 2016.. .......................................................................................................... 111 13. Total Population of the Village of South Tiku According to Livelihoods ...... 112 14. Names of Mosque in the Village of South Tiku .............................................