National Library Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa. Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A QN4 K1A OÏ'!4 NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualité de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the dépend grandement de la qualité quality of the original thesis de la thèse soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour aSSurer une qualité ensure the highest quality of supérieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec l'université degree. qui a conféré le grade. Some pages may have indistinct La qualité d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser à pages were typed with a poor désirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont été university sent us an inferior dactylographiées à l'aide d'un photocopy. ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, même partielle, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est Soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, à la Loi canadienne sur le droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subséquents. Canada • INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACH FOR THE SORGHUM SHOOT FLY, ATHERIGONA SOCCATA RONDANI (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), IN BURKINA FASO by Joanny O. Zongo A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research • in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Department of Entomology McGill University Montréal, Québec Canada August 1992 ~ cJoanny O. Zongo Nationallibrary Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions el Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliograplliques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington ûnawa. 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ISBN 0-315-87849-5 Canada Short title Integrated pest management approach for the sorghum shoot fly Joanny O. Zongo i i • ABSTRACT Ph.D. Joanny O. Zongo Entomology A four-year (1988 to 1991 inclusive) field and laboratory study was undertaken to determine and select the components that could be integrated to control the sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata Rondani (Diptera: Muscidae), in 8urkina Faso, West Africa. Nine approaches were investigated: 1) monitoring adult shoot fl ies: 2) sequential sampling based on egg and dead heart counting: 3) cultural practices (sowing dates and plant densities, intercropping sorghum-cowpea): 4) use of resistant cultivars: 5) use of natural insecticide from the neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae): 6) effects of intercropping sorghum-cowpea on the natural enemi~~ of the shoot fly: • 7) spider fauna in pure sorghum and intercropped sorghum-cowpea: 8) parasitism of the shoot fly by a larval parasitoid, Neotrichoporoides nyemitawus Rohwer; and 9) the biology of an egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea simmondsi Nagaraja. These nine approaches were divided into four main components: 1) monitoring populations, 2) cultural practices, 3) natural and chemical pesticides, and 4) biological control that could be integrated to control the shoot fly. Among these components, monitoring populations (egg sampling), cultural practices, and use of natural pesticides could be util ised at the farmer level • • iii • RËSUMË Doctorat Joanny O. Zongo Entomologie Approche de Lutte Intégrée Pour la Mouche des Pousses du Sorgho, Atherigona soccata Rondani (Diptère: Muscidae), au Burkina Faso. Quatre années d'études au champ et au l aboratoi re (1988-1991 inclus) ont été effectuées en vue de déterminer et de sélectionn~r des composantes de lutte intégrée pour la mouche des pousses du sorgho, Atherigona soccata Rondani (Diptère: Muscidae), dans les conditions du Burkina Faso. Neuf approches ont été examinées: 1) dépistage des mouches adultes, 2) échantillonnage séquentiel basé sur le comptage des oeufs et des coeurs morts, 3) les pratiques culturales (dates et densités de semis, culture associée sorgho-niébé), 4) utilisation de • cultivars résistants, 5) utilisation des extraits naturels du neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), 6) effets de la culture associée sorgho-niébé sur les ennemis naturels de la mouche, 7) la faune aranéologique en culture pure du sorgho et en culture associée sorgho-niébé, 8) parasitisme de la mouche par un endoparasitoïde larvaire, Neotrichoporoides nyemitawus Rohwer, et 9) la biologie d'un parasitoïde des oeufs, Trichogrammatoidea simmondsi Nagaraja. Ces neuf approches ont été divisées en quatre principales composantes: 1) dépistage des populations, 2) pratiques culturales, 3) pesticides naturels et chimiques, et 4) lutte biologique. Parmi ces composantes, le dépistage des populations (échantillonnage des oeufs), les pratiques culturales et l'utilisation des extraits du neem pourraient être .' utilisés en milieu paysan. • ;v Suggested short t;t le: Integrated pest management approach for the • sorghum shoot fly. Joanny O. Zongo • • v DEDICATIDN TD My wife Rasmata Minoungou~ my sons, Jean-Eudes Wendintoin, and Héribert Guétawendé, • for their great patience. • vi • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Project Supervision l wish to express my great admiration and gratitude to my two supervisors: 1) Dr. R.K. Stewart, whose help, support, knowledge, and hospitality have been invaluable. His whole being inspires confidence. 2) Dr. C. Vincent, for his creative ideas, active participation in field work and his kind hospitality. l appreciated his attention in the preparation of the project and his dil igence in reviewing the thesis. Staff Members l express my gratitude to Dr. J.E. McFarlane, Chairman of the Department of Entomology, who allowed me to transfer from the M.Sc. to the Ph.D. program; Dr. S.B. Hill, Dr. W.N. Yule, Dr. P.M. Sanborne, Dr . D.J. Lewis and Dr. 6.B. Dunphy for their constructive guidance during • my training. Special thanks to Dr. S.B. Hill who commented on chapter 6. Special thanks to Alan Godfrey for his help in teaching me English and Dr. Shahrokh Khanizadeh for statistical advices. l also thank Pierre Langlois for advice on computer programs and other technical aspects; Monique Verrette, Marie J. Kubecki and Diane King for their excellent guidance en administrative policies. Special thanks to Marie J. Kubecki for her diligence in typing the thesis. External Scientists l am particularly indebted to Mr. J.C. Deeming, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, U.K., who taught me the art and science of shoot fly identification at Cardiff. He described and named a new species of shoot fly that l identified. l also appreciated his kind hospitality. Dr. B. Pintureau, INRA-INSA, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France, who • taught me how to identify and rear Trichwgrammatidae species and for vii • his great hospitality. l also appreciated the kind hospitality of Dr. B. Delobel at Lyon. In Paris, l had helpful discussions with Dr. A. Delobel, ORSTOM, who gave me reprints of his publ ished papers and his thesis in microfilm format on the sorghum shoot fly. Dr. R.A. Humber, from USDA Plant Protection Research, US Plant, Soil & Nutrition Lab., Ithaca, New York, USA, for fungal identification. Dr. K.F. Nwanze formerly at ICRISAT, Hyderabad, India, furnished t:1e model for the ICRISAT trap. Dr. C. Dondale Biosystematic Research Center, Ottawa, Canada, and Dr. R. Jocqué, Musée Royal de L'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium, for their help in spider identification. Dr. L. Pedigo, Dept. Entomology, Iowa State University, USA, • commented on the second chapter. Dr. M.B. Isman, Dept. of Plant Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, for assessing azadirachtin content. Colleagues and Friends 1) Canada Special thanks are expressed to the following (in no particular order): Marie-Claude Larivière for advice on my transfer to the Ph.D. level and teaching me WordPerfect on the IBM microcomputer. Graham Thurston for his help and advice on my Comprehensive Exam, and teaching me SAS, Dr. Gérald Lafleur for general advice before my studies. Mr. François Fournier for commenting on chapter 4. • Ed Zaborski for advice on SAS. viii • Christine Noronha for her advice on my Comprehensive Exam, Dr, Mohammad Javahery and Sue Johnson for advice and assistance on my first English seminar, Georges-Marie Momplaisir, Tarik Kassay, Mrs, Wanga. Jean-Piel're Delond and Maria, François Genier, Alexander Yaku, Getano. Yacine and Andrew Frowd, François Fournier, and Doulaye Traoré for their pleasant company. 2) Burkina Faso Dr. Dona Dakouo, INERA, Farako-Bâ, for suggestions on my first field work, Dr. Da Sansan, INERA, Farako-Bâ, for providi ng l ocal sorghum cultivars, Blaise K. Kaboré for providing local sorghum cultivars and encouragements, • Napon Marcellin, INERA, Farako-Bâ, for allowing trap installation in a sorghum field in 1988, Dr. M. Muleba, IITA/SAFGRAD, Ouagadougou, for his help in assessing yields of intercropped sorghum-cowpea, Mr. Jérémy Ouédroago, IITA/SAFGRAD, Ouagadougou, furnished seeds of cowpea, Dr.