RENEWABLES IN CITIES 2021 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT RENEWABLES IN CITIES • 2021 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT REN21 MEMBERS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS INTER-GOVERNMENTAL NGOS Africa Minigrid Developers Association Association Africaine pour (AMDA) ORGANISATIONS l'Electrification Rurale (Club-ER) Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE) Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre CLASP (APERC) American Council on Renewable Clean Cooking Alliance (CCA) Asian Development Bank (ADB) Energy (ACORE) Climate Action Network International Associação Portuguesa de Energias ECOWAS Centre for Renewable (CAN-I) Renováveis (APREN) Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) Coalition de Ciudades Capitales Association for Renewable Energy of de las Americas (CC35) European Commission (EC) Lusophone Countries (ALER) Energy Cities Global Environment Facility (GEF) Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Euroheat & Power (EHP) Association (CREIA) International Energy Agency (IEA) Fundación Energías Renovables (FER) Clean Energy Council (CEC) International Renewable Energy Global 100% Renewable Energy European Renewable Energies Agency (IRENA) Federation (EREF) Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) Global Forum on Sustainable Energy (GFSE) Global Off-Grid Lighting Association Regional Center for Renewable Energy (GOGLA) and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE) Global Women's Network for the Energy Transition (GWNET) Global Solar Council (GSC) United Nations Development Greenpeace International Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) Programme (UNDP) United Nations Environment ICLEI – Local Governments for Indian Renewable Energy Federation Sustainability (IREF) Programme (UNEP) United Nations Industrial Development Institute for Sustainable Energy International Geothermal Association Policies (ISEP) (IGA) Organization (UNIDO) World Bank (WB) International Electrotechnical International Hydropower Association Commission (IEC) (IHA) Jeunes Volontaires pour Renewable Energy Solutions for Africa l'Environnement (JVE) (RES4Africa) Foundation Mali Folkecenter (MFC) Solar Power Europe Power for All World Bioenergy Association (WBA) Renewable Energy and Energy World Wind Energy Association Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) (WWEA) Renewable Energy Institute (REI) SLOCAT Partnership for Sustainable Low Carbon Transport SCIENCE AND ACADEMIA GOVERNMENTS Solar Cookers International (SCI) AEE – Institute for Sustainable Afghanistan World Council for Renewable Technologies (AEE INTEC) Brazil Energy (WCRE) Council on Energy, Environment and Denmark World Future Council (WFC) Water (CEEW) Dominican Republic World Resources Institute (WRI) Fundación Bariloche (FB) Germany World Wildlife Fund (WWF) International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) India International Solar Energy Society (ISES) Mexico National Renewable Energy Norway MEMBERS AT LARGE Laboratory (NREL) Republic of Korea Michael Eckhart National Research University Higher South Africa Mohamed El-Ashry School of Economics, Russia (HSE) Spain David Hales South African National Energy United Arab Emirates Kirsty Hamilton Development Institute (SANEDI) United States of America Peter Rae The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Arthouros Zervos Rana Adib National Technical University of REN21 Athens (NTUA) 2 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY NETWORK FOR THE 21st CENTURY REN21 is the only global renewable energy community of actors from science, governments, NGOs and industry. We provide up-to-date and peer-reviewed facts, figures and analysis of global developments in technology, policies and markets. Our goal: enable decision-makers to make the shift to renewable energy happen – now. The most successful organisms, such as an octopus, have a decentralised intelligence and "sensing" function. This increases responsiveness to a changing environment. REN21 incarnates this approach. Our more than 2,000 community members guide our co-operative work. They reflect the vast array of backgrounds and perspectives in society. As REN21’s eyes and ears, they collect information and share intelligence, by sending input and feedback. REN21 takes all this information to better understand the current thinking around renewables and change norms. We also use this information to connect and grow the energy debate with non-energy players. Our annual publications, the Renewables in Cities Global Status Report and the Renewables Global Status Report, are probably the world’s most comprehensive crowdsourced reports on renewables. It is a truly collaborative process of co-authoring, data collection and peer reviewing. 3 RENEWABLES IN CITIES • 2021 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS RENEWABLES IN CITIES Acknowledgements .........................................08 GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF Foreword ...................................................12 1 RENEWABLES IN CITIES ...............22 Purpose of This Report ......................................13 Executive Summary .......................................14 Drivers and Opportunities for Renewable Energy in 2020 ................................26 Global Renewable Energy Trends. 28 REPORT CITATION Regional Trends ...........................................36 REN21 (2021), Renewables in Cities 2021 Global Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat). DISCLAIMER: REN21 releases issue papers and reports to emphasise the importance of renewable energy and to generate discussion on URBAN POLICY issues central to the promotion of renewable energy. While REN21 papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and 2 LANDSCAPE .................................40 input from the REN21 community, they do not necessarily repre- sent a consensus among network participants on any given point. Although the information given in this report is the best available to the authors at the time of publication, REN21 and its participants Targets ....................................................43 cannot be held liable for its accuracy and correctness. The desig- Municipal Operations .....................................52 nations employed and the presentation of material in the maps in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever City-wide Policies .........................................55 concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or City-wide Buildings .........................................58 area or of its authorities, and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international Districts and Neighbourhoods ...............................69 frontiers or boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. City-wide Transport .........................................70 4 MARKETS AND FEATURE: RENEWABLE ENERGY IN 3 INFRASTRUCTURE. 74 6 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN CITIES ...136 Buildings and Industry ....................................78 Status of Renewables in Sub-Saharan African Cities ....138 Cape Town, South Africa ...................................140 Transport ..................................................91 Dakar, Senegal .............................................142 Distribution Infrastructure ................................97 Kampala, Uganda ..........................................143 Tsévié, Togo. 144 Yaoundé IV, Cameroon .....................................145 Barriers and Opportunities for Advancing Renewables ...146 FINANCING AND INVESTMENT 4 IN CITIES .....................................104 Financing Mechanisms ...................................107 Reference Tables .........................................148 Investment and Financing in Cities by Region ............117 Data Collection and Validation ..........................150 Methodological Notes ...................................150 City-specific Challenges to Investing in Renewables .... 121 Glossary .................................................. 151 List of Abbreviations .....................................159 Photo Credits ............................................160 5 CITIZEN PARTICIPATION ..............122 Endnotes .................................................162 Consumer Choice ........................................124 Individual Prosumers .....................................126 Community Energy in Cities. .126 Participatory Governance ................................129 Bottom-up Initiatives and Campaigns ...................132 5 RENEWABLES IN CITIES • 2021 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS RENEWABLES IN CITIES SIDEBARS FIGURES Sidebar 1. COVID-19: General Impact and Responses ......27 Figure 1. Key Facts and Trends in Cities, 2020 .............24 Sidebar 2. Multi-level Governance: The Interdependence Figure 2. Renewable Share of Total Final Energy of National and Municipal Policies ...............32 Consumption, by Final Energy Use, 2017 ..........29 Sidebar 3. Linking Renewable Energy and Figure 3. Renewable Energy Targets in Cities, 2020 ........44 Energy Efficiency in Buildings ....................59 Figure 4. Renewable Energy Targets in Cities, Sidebar 4. Frontrunners in Solar Thermal Mandates by Scale of Application and Region, 2020 .........44 in Cities .........................................67 Figure 5. Renewable Energy Targets in Cities, Sidebar 5. Waste-to-Energy in Cities .......................76 by City Size and Region, 2020. .45 Sidebar 6. Distributed Solar PV to Empower Cities Figure 6. Renewable Energy Targets in Cities, in Developing Countries .........................112 by Target Year, 2020 .............................45 Sidebar 7. Digitalisation: Enabling Citizen Participation .....125 Figure