Cultural Resources Inventory of Camp Bowie, Brownwood, Texas by Alan J. Wormser and Shellie Sullo-Prewitt with contributions by David L. Nickels, Cory Julian Broehm, Donna D. Edmondson, and Raymond P. Mauldin The Adjutant Generals Department of Texas Center for Archaeological Research Directorate of Facilities and Engineering The University of Texas at San Antonio Environmental Branch, Austin, Texas Archaeological Survey Report, No. 317 2001 Cultural Resources Inventory of Camp Bowie, Brownwood, Texas Wormser & Sullo-Prewitt Center for Archaeological Research, ASR 317 2001 Cultural Resources Inventory of Camp Bowie, Brownwood, Texas by Alan J. Wormser and Shellie Sullo-Prewitt with contributions by David L. Nickels, Cory Julian Broehm, Donna D. Edmondson, and Raymond P. Mauldin Prepared for: Prepared by: The Adjutant General’s Department of Texas Center for Archaeological Research Directorate of Facilities and Engineering The University of Texas at San Antonio Environmental Branch, Austin, Texas Archaeological Survey Report, No. 317 ©copyright 2001 The following information is provided in accordance with the General Rules of Practice and Procedure, Chapter 41.11 (Investigative Reports), Texas Antiquities Committee: 1. Type of investigation: Pedestrian survey and shovel testing for inventory of archeological sites and historic structures. 2. Project name: Camp Bowie Cultural Resources Inventory 3. County: Brown 4. Principal investigator: Alan J. Wormser 5. Name and location of sponsoring agency: Adjutant General’s Department of Texas, Cultural Resources Pro- gram, Austin, TX. 6. Texas Antiquities Permit No.: N/A 7. Published by the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 N. Loop 1604 W., San Antonio, Texas 78249-0658, 2001 A list of publications offered by the Center for Archaeological Research is available. Call (210) 458-4378; write to the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 N. Loop 1604 W., San Antonio, Texas 78249-0658; e-mail to [email protected]; or visit CAR’s web site at http://car.utsa.edu. To the memory of Wayne Chesser Executive Summary What We Did and Why We Did It The National Historic Preservation Act (16 USC 470 et seq.) and Executive Order 11593 requires cultural re- sources inventories of federal properties. From 1994 to 1997, the Adjutant General’s Department of Texas (AGTX) Cultural Resources Program staff conducted a pedestrian inventory of archeological sites and historic structures at Camp Bowie. We explored all but approximately 150 of the camp’s 9,297 acres. This report presents our findings and makes recommendations regarding National Register eligibility for each site or structure found. What We Found We discovered or revisited 186 archeological sites, structures, or groups of structures. Of these, 18 prehistoric sites and six historic sites or structures/groups are potentially eligible. These 24 sites are considered sensitive and will receive protective measures until they can be further evaluated. Of the remaining 162 sites, 158 are not eligible—primarily due to shallow soils, erosion, or disturbance—and do not require any special protection. The remaining four sites will require additional shovel tests to determine eligibility. This work is planned for the immediate future. What Next? To ascertain their eligibility, the critical sites require investigation that is beyond the scope of the present study. For the prehistoric sites, test excavations would be the primary investigative tool. For the historic sites and structures, photo-documentation, measured drawings, and historical research would be the primary methods. Recommendations We recommend that the Adjutant General’s Department avoid disturbing the potentially eligible sites and struc- tures until they can be thoroughly evaluated for National Register eligibility. In order to ensure this protection, the following measures will be implemented: · The facility manager will be provided with a location map of critical sites. · Buffer zones will be established around critical sites. · Within the buffer zones, the following policy will be implemented: —Vehicular traffic must stay on existing roads. —Digging, construction, or demolition will require consultation with the AGTX environmental office. The facility managers will brief all incoming units that will be training at the camp, and show them areas that are considered sensitive and/or off-limits. The results of this and other surveys will be used to support a Cultural Resources Management Plan, and the Adjutant General’s Department will continue in its role as steward to the cultural resources on National Guard training sites across Texas. i Site Location Map We have elected to not include the overall site location map in this report because of the sensitivity issues involved with archeological sites. For those readers who are interested, this map may be obtained by calling (512) 782-6194, or writing to AGTX-EV, Cultural Resources, P.O. Box 5218, Austin, TX 78763-5218. ii Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. i List of Figures...................................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................viii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Environmental Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Location ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Climate .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Land Use ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Vegetation ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Geology ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Soil Units and Potential for Buried Archeological Remains ........................................................................ 5 Archeological Overview .................................................................................................................................... 10 Chronological Sequence ............................................................................................................................. 10 Previous Archeological Research in and around Brown County ................................................................ 11 Previous Research at Camp Bowie ............................................................................................................. 13 Historical Overview........................................................................................................................................... 14 Historical Periods in Central Texas ............................................................................................................ 14 Early Historic Period (ca. A.D. 1530 to 1718) ............................................................................................. 14 Spanish Colonial Period (A.D. 1718 to 1821) .............................................................................................. 15 Mexican Colonies and Republic of Texas Period (A.D. 1821 to 1845) ....................................................... 17 Frontier Settlement Period (A.D. 1845 to 1900) .......................................................................................... 17 Modern Period (A.D. 1900 to present) ......................................................................................................... 18 Types of Cultural Resources at Camp Bowie .................................................................................................... 21 An Overview of Prehistoric Site Types in Central Texas ........................................................................... 21 Prehistoric Open Campsites ........................................................................................................................ 21 Burned Rock Midden Sites ......................................................................................................................... 22 Lithic Procurement/Lithic Workshop Sites................................................................................................. 23 Prehistoric Site Types and Features not Found at Camp Bowie ................................................................. 24 Homesteads and Related Structures ...........................................................................................................