Skills Alliance for Industrial Symbiosis: A Cross-sectoral Blueprint for a Sustainable Process Industry (SPIRE-SAIS) Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Effi- ciency in European Process Industry: State of Art and Future Scenario Deliverable D2.1 (Version 1) (Status: 29/09/2020) Project acronym: SPIRE-SAIS Project title: Skills Alliance for Industrial Symbiosis: A Cross-sectoral Blueprint for a Sustainable Process Industry Project number: 612429-EPP-1-2019-1-DE-EPPKA2-SSA-B Coordinator: TU Dortmund University (TUDO) Funding Scheme: Erasmus+ Due date of deliverable: September 2020 Actual submission date: 30th of September 2020 Project duration: 01.01.2020 – 31.12.2023 (48 months) Work package: WP 2 - Technological and Economic Development and Foresight Work package leader: Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Authors: Dissemination level: Public SPIRE-SAIS: Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Efficiency in European Process Industry: State of Art and Future Scenario (Deliverable 2.1) Summary 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5 2 Structure of the D2.1 document ......................................................................... 7 3 Cross-sector research activities ........................................................................... 8 4 Industrial Symbiosis across sectors .................................................................... 23 4.1 Iron and Steel Sector ....................................................................................................... 23 4.1.1 State of the art of the industrial symbiosis in the Steel Sector .................................... 23 4.1.2 Projects on Industrial Symbiosis co-funded by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel 27 4.1.3 Other EU and not EU funded projects on Industrial Symbiosis deeply involving the Steel Sector ....................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2 Chemical Sector ............................................................................................................... 33 4.2.1 State of the art of the industrial symbiosis in the refinery industry ............................ 34 4.2.2 State of the art of the industrial symbiosis in consumable goods companies ............ 36 4.3 Non-ferrous metals Sector .............................................................................................. 38 4.3.1 State of the art of the industrial symbiosis in the non-ferrous metals sector ............. 38 4.3.1.1 Production, resources and import/export balance ................................................ 39 4.3.1.2 Importance of non-ferrous metals for industry and civil life .................................40 4.3.1.3 Importance of non-ferrous metals for decarbonization ....................................... 44 4.3.1.4 Attitude to the non-ferrous metals industry to industrial symbiosis .................... 45 4.3.1.5 A vision for the future of non-ferrous metal industry in Europe ........................... 45 4.3.2 European project in non-ferrous metals sector ........................................................... 46 4.3.2.1 Lines of technological improvements in the non-ferrous metal sector toward Industrial Symbiosis ............................................................................................................... 46 4.3.2.2 The Aluminium sector ................................................................................................. 50 4.3.3 Projects on Industrial Symbiosis deeply involving the Aluminium sector ................... 51 4.3.4 Projects on Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Efficiency deeply involving the aluminium sector ....................................................................................................................................... 52 4.4 Mineral Sector ................................................................................................................. 54 4.4.1 State of the art of the Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Efficiency in the minerals sector ................................................................................................................................................. 54 4.4.2 Project on Resource Efficiency EU and no EU co-funded ........................................ 55 4.4.3 Project on industrial symbiosis EU and no EU co-funded ...................................... 58 2 SPIRE-SAIS: Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Efficiency in European Process Industry: State of Art and Future Scenario (Deliverable 2.1) 4.4.4 Projects related to access of Raw materials ............................................................ 59 4.5 Water Sector .................................................................................................................... 59 4.5.1 State of the art of the industrial symbiosis in water sector ......................................... 59 4.5.2 Project on industrial symbiosis EU and no EU co-funded ............................................ 60 4.6 Cement Sector ................................................................................................................ 62 4.6.1 State of the art of the Industrial Symbiosis in the Cement Sector .............................. 62 4.6.2 Project on Industrial Symbiosis deeply involving the cement sector. ......................... 62 4.7 Ceramics Sector ............................................................................................................... 63 4.7.1 State of the art of the Industrial Symbiosis in the Ceramics Sector ............................. 63 4.7.2 Projects on Industrial Symbiosis deeply involving the ceramics sector. ..................... 64 4.8 Wastes Treatment Sector ................................................................................................ 65 4.8.1 State of the art of the industrial symbiosis in the WEEE and batteries sector ............ 65 4.8.2 Management and recycling of materials from WEEE .................................................. 66 4.8.3 European projects in WEEE sector ................................................................................ 68 4.9 Industrial Symbiosis: Case Studies .................................................................................. 71 4.10 Best/Good Practices Industrial Symbiosis examples ..................................................... 74 4.11 Major conclusions on Industrial Symbiosis across sectors ............................................ 76 5 Energy Efficiency across sectors ......................................................................... 77 5.1 Iron and Steel Sector ....................................................................................................... 77 5.1.1 State of the art of the Energy Efficiency in the Steel Sector ......................................... 77 5.1.2 Projects on Energy Efficiency co-funded by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel ..... 79 5.1.3 Other EU and not EU funded Projects on Energy Efficiency deeply involving the steel sector .......................................................................................................................................82 5.2 Chemical Sector ............................................................................................................... 83 5.2.1 State of the art of the energy efficiency in the refinery industry ................................. 83 5.2.2 State of the art of the Energy efficiency in the "Consumer Goods Companies". ........ 84 5.3 Non-ferrous metals Sector ............................................................................................. 86 5.3.1 State of the art of the Energy efficiency in in the non-ferrous metals sector............. 86 5.3.2 European projects on energy efficiency and decarbonization .....................................88 5.4 Water Sector ................................................................................................................... 90 5.4.1 State of the art of the Energy Efficiency in the water sector ....................................... 90 5.4.2 Projects on energy efficiency in the Water sector ........................................................ 91 5.5 Cement Sector ................................................................................................................ 92 3 SPIRE-SAIS: Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Efficiency in European Process Industry: State of Art and Future Scenario (Deliverable 2.1) 5.5.1 State of the art of the Energy Efficiency in the cement sector .................................... 92 5.5.2 Projects on Energy Efficiency deeply involving the cement sector. ............................. 93 5.6 Ceramics Sector ............................................................................................................... 93 5.6.1 State of the art of the Energy Efficiency in the Ceramic Sector ................................... 93 5.6.2 Projects on Energy Efficiency deeply involving the ceramics sector. .......................... 94 5.6.3 Projects which deal with Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Efficiency deeply involving the ceramics sector. .............................................................................................................. 100 5.7 Major conclusions on Energy Efficiency findings across sectors ................................. 106 6 Effects of Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Efficiency on the workforce ............. 107 6.1 Introduction 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