1146 Indian Forester [October 2011] 1147 Champion, H.G. and S.K. Seth, (1968). The Forests Types of India. Government of India Press, New Delhi. A HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF WILDLIFE PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT IN TAMIL NADU Chaturvedi, A.N. and L.S. Khanna (1982). Forest Mensuration. International Book Distributors, DehraDun. Cowlishaw, G., C.S. Mendelson and J.M. Rowcliffe (2005). Structure and composition in a bushmeat commodity chain in Southwestern Ghana, Conservation Biology, 19: 139-149. T. SEKAR Cullen, L., R.E. Jr. Bodmer and C.V. Padua (2000). Effects of hunting in habitat fragments of the Atlantic forests, Biological Conservation, 95: 49-56. O/o. Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Tamil Nadu, Chennai – 600 015 (Tamil Nadu). Curtis, J.J. and R.P. Mcltonish (1950). The inter relationship of certain analytic synthetic phyto-sociological characters, Ecology, 31: 434-455. Diamond, J. and T.J. Case (1986). Overview, introduction, extinctions, exterminations and invasions. In: Community Ecology (Diamond, J. and T.J., Case eds.). Harper & Row, New York, pp. 56-79. Introduction more than one division were issued on payment of Eisenberg, J.F. (1989). Mammals of Neotropics. Chicago University Press, Chicago, Vol. 1. India is gifted with rich and varied flora and their prescribed fees. Closed seasons were prescribed to Emmons, L.H. (1984). Geographic variations in densities and diversities of non-flying mammals in Amazonia, Biotropica, 16: 210-222. faunal associates. With approximately 500 species of afford special protection to birds and animals during the Emmons, L.H. (1990). Neotropical Mammals: a Field Guide. Chicago University Press, Chicago. mammals and 2,500 species of birds spread in its 32.5 mating and breeding seasons. Certain animals and birds Fa, J.E., C.A. Peres and J. Meeuwig (2002). Bushmeat exploitation in tropical forests: an international comparison, Conservation Biology, 16: were completely prohibited from hunting. The number 232-237. lakh sq.km area, India surpasses most countries across FSI. (2005). The State of Forest 2003. Forest Survey of India, DehraDun. the globe for its wildlife heritage. The rich diversity owes of animals that may be shot under a license in a year was Hilaluddin and R.Y. Naqash (2006). Survey and Census of Kishtwar High Altitude National Park. Department of Wildlife Protection, Kishtwar, chiefly to its unique geographical position displaying a restricted to not more than two sambhar, one bison, two Jammu & Kashmir. remarkable variation in its characters like temperature, barking deer and two antelopes. Rules governing game Hilaluddin, N., R.Y. Akthar, Naqash and F., Abbasi (2011). Impact of pheasant offtake on populations of game birds in the Western Indian pursuit in particular areas like the Nilgiris and Upper Himalaya. In: International Environmental Economy: Ecology & Biodiversity (Mandal, R.K. eds.). Sage Publications, New precipitation and other climatic components, as its Delhi, pp 36-40. frontiers are extending over the snow capped Himalayas, Palnis were also framed. For instance, a game law, Hill, K. and J. Padwe (2000). Sustainability of Ache' hunting in the Mbaracayu Reserve, Paraguay In: Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical the plateau of Ladakh, the deserts of Sind and Rajputana, namely 'The Nilgiri Fish and Game Preservation Act of Forest (Robinson, J.R. and E.L., Bennett eds.). Columbia University Press, New York, pp 79-105. the rain forests of Assam, the well clothed Western and 1879' came into being and was followed by a set of Hill, K., J. Padwe, C. Bejyvagi, A. Bepurangi, A. Jakugi, R. Tykuarangi and T. Tykuarangi (1997). Impact of hunting on large vertebrates in the special rules called 'Nilgiri Game Rules ' in 1911. Mbaracayu Reserve, Paraguay, Conservation Biology, 6: 1339-1353. Eastern Ghats, and its shores are washed by the seas and IUCN. (2004). Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. oceans (Badshah, 1962). Early-protected areas of the state Kaul, R., Hilaluddin and J.S. Jandrotia (2003). Extraction of Wildmeat in the Western Indian Himalaya: an Assessment. Oriental Bird Club, U.K. Abundance of wild animals was very high in the Vedanthangal bird sanctuary Kaul, R., Hilaluddin, J.S. Jandrotia and P.J.K. McGowan (2004). Hunting of large mammals and pheasants in the western Indian Himalaya, th Oryx, 9: 426-431. country at the beginning of 20 century. However, Though Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary is not Lahm, S.A. (1993). Ecology and Economics of Human-wildlife Interactions in North-eastern Gabon. Ph. D. thesis. University of New York, New York. prevalence of intense hunting and trapping practices situated within forest limits, the Forest Department is Ludwig, A.J. and J.F. Reynolds (1988). Statistical Ecology: a Primer of Methods and Computing. John Wiley & Sons, New York. brought the status of wild animals to an extremely closely associated with its development as a sanctuary. Mace, G.M., and A. Balmford (2000). Patterns and processes in contemporary mammalian extinction. In: Future Priorities for the distressing position by the turn of independence. The Existence of this bird conclave has been recognized for Conservation of Mammalian Diversity (Enthwhistle, A. & N., Dunstone eds.). Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 27-52. cumulative effects of the world wars, country wide more than two centuries. As far as back in 1798, Mr. Madhusudan, M.D. and U. Karanth (2002). Local hunting and the conservation of large mammals in India, Ambio, 31: 49-54. expansion of agriculture and the large number of gun Martin, P.S. and D.W. Steadman (1999). Pre-historic extinctions on islands and continents. In: Extinction in Near Time: Causes, Contexts and Place, the Collector of Chingleput had issued a Consequences (Mocphee, R.D.E. eds.). Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp 17-55. licenses being issued since independence and the prohibitory order against shooting of birds in the Muller-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg (1974). Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. emergence of poaching activity for economic gains, Vedanthangal lake. In 1936, the Collector of Chingleput Olson, D.M. and E. Dinerstein (1988). The global 2000: a representation approach to conserving the earth's most biologically valuable eco- needed urgent and concentrated efforts (Anon., 1961). officially recognized the place as a sanctuary and regions, Conservation Biology, 12: 502–515. There was very little focused attention in sanctioned the first governmental expense towards its Peres, C.A. (1999a). The structure of non-violent mammal communities in different Amazonian forest types. In: Mammals of Neotropics: the Central Neotropics (Eisenberg, J.F. and K.H., Redford eds.). Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp. 564-581. designating specific wildlife rich areas as Sanctuaries or upkeep. The tank had earlier been declared as a Reserved Peres, C.A. (1999b). Effects of subsistence hunting and forest types on Amazonian primate communities. In: Primate Communities (Fleagle, National Parks. India had about 80 sanctuaries notified land under the Wild Animals and Birds Protection Act J.G., C., Janson and K.E., Reed eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 268-273. across the country by the early 1960s, of which four were 1912 and the Government had prohibited the shooting of Peres, C.A. (2000). Effects of subsistence hunting on vertebrate community structure in Amazonian forests, Conservation Biology, 14: 240- 253. noted for the gigantic congregation of waterfowl during water birds within a radius of 20 miles of the sanctuary Peres, C.A. and J. Terborg (1995). Amazonian nature reserves: an analysis of defensibility, status of existing conservation units and design winter months. Tamil Nadu had at that time only three (Saldanha,1977). criteria for the region, Conservation Biology: 9: 34–46. sanctuaries, including the Vedanthangal bird sanctuary. Mudumalai- The State's oldest sanctuary Redford, K.H. (1992). The empty forests, Bioscience: 42: 412-422. Pre-Independence scenario in the Madras Presidency Redford, K.H. and J.F. Eisenberg (1992). Mammals of Neotropics: the Southern Cone. Chicago University Press, Chicago. Vol. 2 Mudumalai, then part of Wynaad, was the stage Robinson, J.G. and E.L. Bennett (2000). Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests. Columbia University Press, New York. ‘Madras Wild Elephant Preservation Act of 1873’, for intense exploitation of timber wealth, primarily of Rodgers, W.A. (1991). Techniques for Wildlife Census in India: a Field Manual. Wildlife Institute of India, DehraDun. the first ever wildlife law in the Presidency was enacted teak and terminalias for nearly a century from 1850. Rodgers, W.A. and H.S. Panwar (1988). Planning a Protected Area Network in India. Wildlife Institute of India, DehraDun. to regulate the shooting or destroying of wild elephants About 10,484 acres of Benne forests of Mudumalai was Rosser, A.M. and S.A., Manica (2002). Over-exploitation and species extinctions, Conservation Biology, 16: 584-586. found upon cultivated or waste lands, in the immediate alone Government-owned in the early period of Madras Satterfield, A.J, M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long and D.C. Wege (1988). Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priority Areas for Conservation. Cambridge vicinity of public roads or in self-defense or in defense of Presidency's forest administration. Other parts of University Press, Cambridge. Mudumalai forests were later acquired from its owner, Shannon, C.E. and W. Wiener (1963). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University Illinois Press, Urbana. any other person through a system of licensing. Pursuit of Sokal, R.R. and F.J., Rohlf (1995). Biometry: Principals and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research. W. H. Freeman & Company, New York. game in the reserved forests of the Presidency was Tirumalapad of Nilambur in 1927, when it was declared Sutherland, W.J. (1996). Ecological Census Techniques: a Handbook. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-9. regulated under the Madras Forest Act. 1882 Rules were as a reserved forest. Mudumalai was then a popular Wilkie, D.S.