Chapter Four: Confessions and Statements TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 II. ADMISSIONS, STATEMENTS, THE RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT AND OTHER CHARTER RIGHTS .... 2 A. GENERAL OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Protections at Trial .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 2. Protections before Trial ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 B. INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES ................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. General .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2. PEACE Interview Technique ............................................................................................................................................. 12 3. Interrogation Techniques, Mentally Disabled Suspects and False Confessions ......................................... 14 4. Discrimination and Interrogation Techniques ......................................................................................................... 17 5. Police Responses to Concerns about Interrogating Mentally Disabled Persons ........................................ 23 C. ADMISSIBILITY OF CONFESSIONS MADE BY MENTALLY DISABLED PERSONS. ............................................................... 24 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................. 24 2. Persons in Authority and the Common Law Confessions Rule ........................................................................... 25 3. Capacity to Confess ............................................................................................................................................................... 33 4. Voluntariness and the Common Law Confessions Rule ........................................................................................ 42 5. Confessions and Appeals ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 6. Mental Handicap, Capacity and Voluntariness ........................................................................................................ 52 7. Capacity, Voluntariness and the Videotaping of Confessions ............................................................................. 57 8. The Charter of Rights and Statements ......................................................................................................................... 61 9. Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................... 77 D. AMERICAN VIEW ON CONFESSIONS, VOLUNTARINESS AND WAIVER .............................................................................. 80 III. PROVISIONS OF THE CRIMINAL CODE, ASSESSMENTS AND STATEMENTS ..................................... 83 A. COURT-ORDERED ASSESSMENTS AND STATEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 83 1. Criminal Code Section 672.11 .......................................................................................................................................... 83 2. Criminal Code Section 672.21 .......................................................................................................................................... 84 B. CROWN REQUESTED EXAMINATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 89 IV. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................................ 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................................... 93 Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre Current to February 2017 Page 1 REPRESENTING MENTALLY DISABLED PERSONS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM I. Introduction Typically, the police interrogate those they have arrested. Statements made by accused persons during police interrogations may be used as evidence of guilt during the trial. However, because of the nature of some mental disabilities, there is a grave risk that individuals with mental disabilities will respond to standard police interrogation methods by making false admissions of guilt. Because these statements may be used as evidence, an accused person who has a mental disability can be placed at risk as a result of making statements in response to police questions. There are some common law protections regarding confessions, voluntariness and persons in authority. There are also protections under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.1 The right to remain silent and the right to be informed about one's right to counsel are two rights that impact upon the conduct of interrogations. This chapter discusses some of these protections. It looks at the requirement that capacity and voluntariness must be present before a statement made to a person in authority will be admitted in evidence. Next, it examines the Charter rights to counsel and to remain silent in the context of an interrogation. It briefly outlines whether a mentally disabled person may waive these rights. The American approach to confessions by mentally disabled persons, including the waiver of rights, is also considered. Finally, this chapter discusses the mental disorder provisions of the Criminal Code that provide some guidelines as to the admissibility of statements made to medical experts during psychiatric assessments. Although there are some protections built into these provisions, a client must make any statements to authorities with caution. II. ADMISSIONS, STATEMENTS, THE RIGHT TO REMAIN SILENT AND OTHER CHARTER RIGHTS A. General Overview There are two points at which an accused may make statements that may cause him/her difficulty in the criminal justice system. First, statements made by an accused before trial may be used against the accused at trial. Such statements include statements made to police during questioning, to other witnesses and to psychiatric experts who examine the accused prior to trial. 1 Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B of the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11 (hereinafter Charter of Rights or Charter). Page 4-2 Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre REPRESENTING MENTALLY DISABLED PERSONS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Second, the accused may make damaging statements while testifying.2 The accused is entitled to some protections afforded by the criminal justice system under these circumstances. 1. Protections at Trial In 1982, the advent of the Charter of Rights had the effect of entrenching and broadening some common law rights that previously existed. The right to remain silent is affirmed in section 7 of the Charter. Section 7 of the Charter, which provides that: [e]veryone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. The courts have interpreted this section of the Charter as protecting the right of the individual to remain silent. This would include the right to remain silent before trial (e.g., when being questioned by the police as well as the right to choose not to testify.)3 Under subsection 11(c) of the Charter, an accused has the right not to testify against him/herself during trial. Section 11(c) of the Charter of Rights provides: 11. Any person charged with an offence has the right ... (c) not to be compelled to be a witness in proceedings against that person in respect of the offence. This means that the accused has the right not to take the witness stand. However, should the accused take the stand to testify in his/her own defense, he/she may be cross-examined. She/He cannot then refuse to answer questions that might implicate him/her.4 The underlying principle is that the accused is entitled to enjoy this protection because the Crown must first present a case for the accused to meet.5 In other words, in every case the accused will not be punished for refusing to testify, including those cases where the Crown may not be able to prove that the accused has 2 For the sake of clarity, when we refer to confessions, we mean statements made to persons such as police officers. When we refer to statements, we refer to any other statement made by the accused (for example, to a witness). 3 See: R v Whittle, [1994] 2 SCR 914 (SCC) (hereinafter Whittle); R v Broyles (1991), 9 CR 4th 1 (SCC) (hereinafter Broyles); R v Hebert (1990), 77 CR (3d) 145 (SCC) (hereinafter Hebert). 4 R v Gauthier (1975), 33 CRNS 46 (SCC).