Public Disclosure Authorized Rapid Assessment of Natural Resources Degradation in Areas Impacted by the Refugee Influx in Kakuma Camp, Kenya Technical Report November 2018 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................. vi Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................................ vii Executive summary................................................................................................................................................ viii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the assessment ................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Area of interest ......................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Socio-economic findings ................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Refugee and host community political framework .................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Stakeholders involved in environment-energy initiatives in Kakuma .............................................. 4 2.1.2 Relevant institutional framework for environment-energy initiatives ............................................ 4 2.2 Woodfuel demand and consumption in and around Kakuma refugee camp .......................................... 5 2.2.1 Population and household characteristics ....................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Size of households ............................................................................................................................ 6 2.2.3 Livelihood background of respondents ............................................................................................ 7 2.2.4 Woodfuel consumption .................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.5 Woodfuel source ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.6 Access to woodfuel ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.7 Cooking stoves and practices ......................................................................................................... 12 2.2.8 Source of cookstoves ...................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.9 Number of meals cooked ............................................................................................................... 14 3. Woody biomass resources findings ................................................................................................................ 15 3.1 Biophysical field measurements ............................................................................................................. 15 3.2 Remote sensing analysis ......................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1 Prosopis expansion ......................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.2 Land cover map 2018 and current biomass stock .......................................................................... 16 3.2.3 Biomass stock changes (2014-2018) .............................................................................................. 20 3.3 Linking woodfuel demand and supply .................................................................................................... 23 4. Recommended technical interventions ......................................................................................................... 24 4.1 Rehabilitation of degraded woodlands .................................................................................................. 24 4.2 Control and management of Prosopis through its utilization ................................................................ 26 4.3 Promotion of sustainable management of indigenous vegetation ........................................................ 28 4.4 Enhancement of energy efficiency ......................................................................................................... 29 ii 4.5 Additional recommended measures ...................................................................................................... 35 5. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................... 37 Annex: Methodologies ........................................................................................................................................... 39 6. References ...................................................................................................................................................... 47 iii Figures 1. Area of interest in Turkana County around Kakuma Camp, .................................................................................3 2. Percentage of respondents by country of origin ...................................................................................................6 3. Livelihood backgrounds of respondents ...............................................................................................................7 4. Sources of household income ...............................................................................................................................8 5. Current sources of firewood .............................................................................................................................. 10 6. Firewood on sale by host communities to refugees in Kakuma III camp ........................................................... 11 7. Stove technologies used in the refugee and host communities......................................................................... 12 8. Maendeleo firewood stove in use in the host community ................................................................................. 13 9. 3-stone fire in host community home ................................................................................................................ 13 10. Prosopis spreading along a seasonal river near Kakuma (2009-2014) ........................................................... 16 11 Map of land cover up to 100 km from Kakuma camp (2018) ........................................................................... 17 12 Prosopis riverine changes (hectares) between 2014-2018 by sub-location ..................................................... 19 13. Net gain and loss within the 25, 50 and 100 km buffer ................................................................................... 21 14. Woody vegetation changes within 100 km of Kakuma between 2014 and 2018 ........................................... 22 15. Assisted natural regeneration in a fenced enclosure ...................................................................................... 25 16. Charcoal on sale by the roadside ..................................................................................................................... 32 17. Plot design for the field biophysical inventory ................................................................................................. 40 18. Location of Kakuma camp in Turkana County (left) and delineation of Kakuma Camp using Google Earth (right) .............................................................................................................................................................. 42 19. Comparison of satellite images with different spatial resolution (from the left: Worldview (0.5 m), Sentinel-2 (10 m) and Landsat 8 (30 m) .......................................................................................................... 43 20. Prosopis riverine (in red) in the above image and below VHRI from Google Earth (8 March 2011) ............... 43 21. Comparison of Google Earth image with a Worldview VHRI........................................................................... 44 22. Distribution of evergreen Prosopis and other seasonal vegetation. Left image 2 February 2011 and right image 23 August 2011 .................................................................................................................................... 44 23. Training points for class 4, which include both dense and open tree cover. The small polygons on the right are of class 6 (“Other”) (2018 image) ............................................................................................................. 45 Tables 1. Representation of respondents by gender ............................................................................................................5