C The Impact of Conflict on the Livestock Sector in South Sudan ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to express their gratitude to the following persons (from State Ministries of Livestock and Fishery Industries and FAO South Sudan Office) for collecting field data from the sample counties in nine of the ten States of South Sudan: Angelo Kom Agoth; Makuak Chol; Andrea Adup Algoc; Isaac Malak Mading; Tongu James Mark; Sebit Taroyalla Moris; Isaac Odiho; James Chatt Moa; Samuel Ajiing Uguak; Samuel Dook; Rogina Acwil; Raja Awad; Simon Mayar; Deu Lueth Ader; Mayok Dau Wal and John Memur. The authors also extend their special thanks to Erminio Sacco, Chief Technical Advisor and Dr Abdal Monium Osman, Senior Programme Officer, at FAO South Sudan for initiating this study and providing the necessary support during the preparatory and field deployment phases. DISCLAIMER FAO South Sudan mobilized a team of independent consultants to conduct this study. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. COMPOSITION OF STUDY TEAM Yacob Aklilu Gebreyes (Team Leader) Gezu Bekele Lemma Luka Biong Deng Shaif Abdullahi i C The Impact of Conflict on the Livestock Sector in South Sudan TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...I ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... VI NOTES ................................................................................................................................................................... VIII FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................................ IX SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................................................................XI 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 3 DATA VALIDATION AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 6 LIMITATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 7 2. DYNAMICS AND IMPACTS OF CONFLICT IN SOUTH SUDAN SINCE DECEMBER 2013 ........................................... 8 2.1 THE POST-INDEPENDENCE CONFLICT DYNAMICS ................................................................................... 8 TREND, TYPE AND ACTORS OF VIOLENT CONFLICTS .............................................................................. 9 GEOGRAPHY OF CONFLICT EVENTS ...................................................................................................... 10 2.2 DRIVERS AND DYNAMICS OF VIOLENT CONFLICTS ................................................................................ 12 (I) STRUCTURAL CAUSES ....................................................................................................................... 12 (II) PROXIMATE CAUSES ........................................................................................................................ 14 (III) TRIGGERS OF CONFLICT ................................................................................................................. 15 2.3 THE RAMIFICATION OF VIOLENT CONFLICTS ......................................................................................... 17 (I) HUMAN COSTS ................................................................................................................................. 17 (II) ECONOMIC IMPACTS ....................................................................................................................... 19 (III) SOCIAL TOLLS ................................................................................................................................. 23 (IV) POLITICAL INSTABILITY ................................................................................................................... 23 CHRONOLOGY OF CONFLICT FATALITIES AND LIVESTOCK CONFLICT RELATED EVENTS ...................... 24 CONFLICT ACTORS TYPOLOGIES AND MILITARIZATION OF CATTLE-KEEPERS, 2013-2015 ................... 25 2.4 PARTIAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................. 26 SHORT-TERM RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 27 MEDIUM TERM RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................. 27 3. OVERVIEW OF THE LIVESTOCK SECTOR IN SOUTH SUDAN ................................................................................ 29 3.1 THE RESOURCE BASE ............................................................................................................................. 29 3.2 HERD MANAGEMENT AND GRAZING PATTERNS................................................................................... 31 3.3 HERD GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY AND LIVESTOCK MARKETS ................................................................. 35 LIVESTOCK MARKETS ............................................................................................................................ 37 3.4 MAIN CONSTRAINTS ............................................................................................................................. 39 CATTLE RAIDING ................................................................................................................................... 40 LACK OF NUTRITION AND WATER ........................................................................................................ 40 ANIMAL HEALTH ................................................................................................................................... 43 4. IMPLICATIONS OF THE CONFLICT – FIELD ASSESSMENT FINDINGS ................................................................... 45 4.1 PURPOSES OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 45 4.2 CONFLICT IMPLICATIONS ON COMMUNITY WEALTH INDICATORS AND STATUS .................................. 45 LIVESTOCK WEALTH REDISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................. 48 IMPLICATIONS ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD AND INCOME SOURCES .......................................................... 48 IMPLICATIONS ON LIVESTOCK MARKETS .............................................................................................. 52 IMPLICATIONS ON SEASONAL MIGRATIONS ........................................................................................ 59 ii C The Impact of Conflict on the Livestock Sector in South Sudan IMPLICATIONS FOR LIVESTOCK DISEASES ............................................................................................. 64 ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION .................................................................................................. 67 LIVESTOCK DISEASE OUTBREAKS .......................................................................................................... 68 MAJOR CONSTRAINTS TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ............................................................................ 71 INFORMATION GAPS ............................................................................................................................ 72 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................ 74 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 79 ANNEX .................................................................................................................................................................... 82 ANNEX I: TYPES AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUTH SUDANEE BREEDS/STRAINS.......... 82 ANNEX II: PASTROALISTS' DESCRIPTION OF BOTULISM .............................................................................. 84 ANNEX III: DISEASE TERMINOLOGIES OF PASTORALISTS ............................................................................ 85 ANNEX IV: MAJOR CONFLICT EVENTS 2011-2015 ....................................................................................... 86 ANNEX V: CHRONOLOGY OF CONFLICT DYNAMICS .................................................................................... 88 iii C The Impact of Conflict on the Livestock Sector in South Sudan LIST OF TABLES Table 1- Summary of focus group discussion method 5 Table 2- Number of focus group discussions and participants 6 Table 3- Conflict Events by States, 2011-2014 11 Table 4- The link between conflict events and elements of governance, 2011-2014 14 Table 5-Livestock Conflict Events and Conflict Fatalities 24 Table 6- Typology of Conflict Groups and Actors