Groundwater Resources of Asia Murmansk Norilsk Anadyr Arkangelsk + Yakutsk + Saint Petersburg Magadan + Perm Yekaterinburg + Nizhniy Novgorod Moscow Kazan + Chelyabinsk Ufa Omsk + + Novosibirsk + + Samara Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy Irkutsk + + + Astana + + Kyiv + Kharkiv + Volgograd + + Dnipropetrovs'k + Khabarovsk + + Ulaanbaatar Rostov-na-Donu Astrakhan Harbin + Odesa + + + + + + Urumqi Changchun + + Jilin Sapporo + + Almaty T'bilisi Bishkek Vladivostok + Tashkent + Shenyang Istanbul H H Baotou + Huludao Ankara Yerevan Beijing + B Tangshan H + Baku + Bursa + Pyongyang + Dushanbe H + + + + Smyrana Tianjin Dalian + Tabriz Ashgabat H Dongguan Taiyuan+ + B Yantai Seoul Sendai + + + Adana Shijiazhuang + Inch'on Linyi+ + + Zibo Mashhad Lanzhou Jinan Al Mawsil Karaj H + Qingdao + Taegu Taian Taejon Tokyo H HAleppo B + Ulsan Nagoya + H Tehran + + Kyoto + Kabul Zhengzhou + + H Xian + Zaozhuang Kwangju Pusan Hiroshima B Xuzhou H H Beirut H Srinagar + + + H Fukuoka Osaka + Peshawar Suzhou + Damascus Baghdad B Rawalpindi Fuyang + Esfahan + H Gujranwala Tel Aviv-Yafo H Huainan Changzhou + + Amman + + H + B Faisalabad Amritsar Nanjing + H Alexandria + ++ H Jerusalem B B Wuxi Shanghai 0 250 500 750 1000 km H Lahore + Wuhan Suzhou H H Multan Ludhiana Ningbo H H + B Shiraz + Lhasa Chengdu + H H i iB Hangzhou + H iB Cairo H Kuwait Delhi + Meerut Chongqing B B + Changsha + i H H Faridabad Kathmandu Nanchang Special groundwater features H B Wenzhou + B H Jaipur + Agra Lucknow iB i + + Thimphu + + Kanpur Patna Guiyang Fuzhou + + H Dubai Allahabad area of saline groundwater (> 5 g/l total dissolved solids) Doha + + + Kunming Taipei + Riyadh Abu Dhabi Hyderabad Aurangabad Putian Varanasi T'aichung Aswan H Karachi Dhaka B Muscat Dhanbad + i + + I natural groundwater discharge area in arid regions B Ahmadabad Bhopal Asansol i H Indore Jabalpur Khulna Guangzhou H + Shantou Kaoshsiung + Chittagong + +Vadodara Jamshedpur Nanning H Jeddah Kolkata Hong Kong B area of heavy groundwater abstraction with over-exploitation Mecca H Nagpur Hanoi + + + Surat H H Haiphong iB area of groundwater mining ++ Mumbai Pune + + Hyderabad Vientiane H iB Vishakhapatnam Yangon Geography Khartoum Asmara SiaBna Vijayawada ! selected city + + + Bangkok Manila + + B + i Bangalore Chennai +! selected city, + H + Aden largely dependent on groundwater + + + H Coimbatore Groundwater resources Phnom Penh groundwater recharge (mm/a) Madurai country boundary + Ho Chi Minh City Addis Ababa + + very high high medium low very low 300 100 20 2 0 major river Davao Colombo + in major groundwater basins + large freshwater lake + + in areas with + complex hydrogeological structure large saltwater lake Medan Kuala Lumpur in areas with local and shallow aquifers continuous ice sheet + © BGR Hannover / UNESCO Paris 2008. All rights reserved. Mogadishu Singapore Kampala.