ავტორის სტილი დაცულია 2019 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Institute for European Studies The Transition Processes from Enemies to Partners and Politics of Cooperation in Western Europe (1945-1957) In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of PhD in European Studies Submitted by Shalva Khuphenia Principal supervisor: Dr. Vasil Kacharava External supervisor: Dr. Thomas Kruessmann Statutory Declaration I hereby declare that I have authored independently the submitted thesis: “Transition Processes from Enemies to Partners and Politics of Cooperation in Western Europe (1945 – 1957)”, that I have not used other than the indicated sources, and that I have clearly marked all material, which has been quoted either directly or indirectly from the used sources. 16.01.2019 ………………………… ………………………… Date Signature 1 Table of Contents Structure and Introduction .............................................................................................................. 6 Literature review ........................................................................................................................... 12 Research Methodology.................................................................................................................. 15 I Chapter: Formulation of policy, problem and research questions.............................................. 19 1.1 Policy .................................................................................................................................... 23 1.2 The Problem and Research Questions ................................................................................. 26 II Chapter: Theoretical research of transition processes in Western European states after the Second World War......................................................................................................................... 36 2.1 Visions for European unification ....................................................................................... 37 2.2. Theorizing European integration and cooperation after the World War Two ................... 45 2.2.1. Principal Theoretical Tools of Cooperation and Integration after the Second World War in Western Europe ..................................................................................................................... 53 2.2.2. Functionalism Approach .................................................................................................. 54 2.2.3. Federalist Approach ......................................................................................................... 58 2.2.3.1. Confederalism ............................................................................................................... 66 2.2.4. Transnationalism Approach ............................................................................................. 67 2.2.5. Neofunctionalism Approach .......................................................................................... 71 2.3. Peace-making theories in Western European countries after the WW2 ........................... 76 2.3.1. Consociational Approach ................................................................................................. 80 2.3.2. Principle of Subsidiarity ................................................................................................... 84 III Chapter: Political Documents, Doctrines and Agreements ....................................................... 88 3.1. Foreign impacts .................................................................................................................. 90 3.1.1. Preconditions of United States Foreign Aid Programs .................................................... 91 3.1.1.1 Press Review .................................................................................................................. 93 3.1.2. The Truman Doctrine and Its Impact ............................................................................... 96 3.1.3. The Marshall Plan as the Main Tool of United States Influence towards Western European States transition processes after the WW2 ............................................................ 100 3.2. Interdependence in Western European countries during transition processes .............. 108 3.2.1. The Treaty of Western Europe (Brussels Pact) .............................................................. 109 3.2.2. The Hague Congress and its consequences ................................................................... 110 3.2.3. European Coal and Steel Community and its Impact .................................................... 114 2 3.2.3.1. The Surrender of National Sovereignty ...................................................................... 115 3.2.3.2. Anti-trust powers ...................................................................................................... 119 3.2.3.3. Legal Aspects of the Document .................................................................................. 120 3.2.3.4. Operations during the first three years, 1952-1954 .................................................. 123 3.3. The Empirical Research ..................................................................................................... 129 3.3.1. The typology of approaches .......................................................................................... 130 3.3.2. Various methodological approaches ............................................................................. 132 3.3.2.1. Pluralist Vision ............................................................................................................ 132 3.3.2.2. Rational Choice ........................................................................................................... 133 3.3.2.3. Sociological aspects .................................................................................................... 134 3.3.2.4. Institutional analyze ................................................................................................... 135 IV Chapter: Implementation and Realization of Research: The New Cooperation Model for the European Union ........................................................................................................................... 139 4.1. Critical analyze .................................................................................................................. 141 4.2. Discussion of Results ........................................................................................................ 145 4.2.1. The New Federal Model for the European Union ......................................................... 145 4.2.1.1. Federalism and Integration ........................................................................................ 146 4.3. Federal and Confederal Elements .................................................................................... 148 4.4. General findings ................................................................................................................ 150 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 154 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 158 Appendix .......................................................................................................................................... 172 No 1 - Marshall Plan .................................................................................................................... 172 No 2 - Truman Doctrine ............................................................................................................... 174 No 3 – Brussels Treaty ................................................................................................................. 177 No 4 – Resolution of Hague Congress (1948) .............................................................................. 178 No 5 – Coal and Steel Agreement ................................................................................................ 180 3 TABLE 1 - CONFEDERAL AND FEDERAL SYSTEM ................................................................................. 67 TABLE 2 - ONTOLOGICAL BIAS, STRATEGY AND STRUCTURE ........................................................ 131 TABLE 3 - THE ROKKAN - LIPSET MODEL .............................................................................................. 135 TABLE 4 - RESULT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL FEATURES OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ...... 137 TABLE 5 - TWO MAJOR DIMENSIONS ...................................................................................................... 137 4 Abstract The aim of the dissertation is to research and reevaluate the post-Second World War history of Western European Countries with the purpose of restoring the significance of federalism to the constructing of Europe. It reestablishes the federalism as a completely appropriate and empirically genuine factor in the general clarification of the European structure. The dissertation forms the concept of the history of the recent European Union as the gradual development of a European polity: a supranational political structure with an intricate institutional establishment and policy-making systems situated in what can be named a basement of the transnational political society of deep informal political organization and governing system.