THE FRENCH ÉMIGRÉS IN EUROPE AND THE STRUGGLE AGAINST REVOLUTION, 1789–1814 Also by Kirsty Carpenter * REFUGEES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: Émigrés in London 1789–1802 Also by Philip Mansel LOUIS XVIII PILLARS OF MONARCHY: Royal Guards in History, 1400–1984 SULTANS IN SPLENDOUR: The Last Years of the Ottoman World THE COURT OF FRANCE, 1789–1830 LE CHARMEUR DE L’EUROPE: Charles-Joseph de Ligne CONSTANTINOPLE: City of the World’s Desire, 1453–1924 * from the same publishers The French Émigrés in Europe and the Struggle against Revolution, 1789–1814 Edited by Kirsty Carpenter School of History, Philosophy and Politics College of Humanities and Social Sciences Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand and Philip Mansel The Society for Court Studies London First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-41024-8 ISBN 978-0-230-50877-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230508774 First published in the United States of America 1999 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0–312–22381–1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The French émigrés in Europe and the struggle against revolution, 1789–1814 / edited by Kirsty Carpenter and Philip Mansel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0–312–22381–1 (cloth) 1. France—History—Revolution, 1789–1799—Refugees. 2. Political refugees—Europe—Conduct of life. I. Carpenter, Kirsty, 1962– . II. Mansel, Philip. DC158.F74 1999 944.04'086'91—dc21 99–20923 CIP Selection and editorial matter © Kirsty Carpenter and Philip Mansel 1999 Chapter 1 © Philip Mansel 1999 Chapter 3 © Kirsty Carpenter 1999 Chapter 7 © Lord Mackenzie-Stuart 1999 Chapters 2, 4–6, 8–14 © Macmillan Press Ltd 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 978-0-333-74436-9 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10987654321 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 Contents List of Plates vii Acknowledgements ix Notes on the Contributors x Introduction by William Doyle xv 1 From Coblenz to Hartwell: the Émigré Government and the European Powers, 1791–1814 Philip Mansel 1 2 A European Destiny: the Armée de Condé, 1792–1801 Frédéric d’Agay 28 3 London: Capital of the Emigration Kirsty Carpenter 43 4 French Émigrés in Hungary Ferenc Tóth 68 5 Portugal and the Émigrés David Higgs 83 6 French Émigrés in Prussia Thomas Höpel 101 7 French Émigrés in Edinburgh Lord Mackenzie-Stuart 108 8 Le milliard des émigrés: the Impact of the Indemnity Bill of 1825 on French Society Almut Franke 124 9 French Émigrés in the United States Thomas C. Sosnowski 138 10 The Émigré Novel Malcolm Cook 151 11 Danloux in England (1792–1802): an Émigré Artist Angelica Goodden 165 v vi Contents 12 The Image of the Republic in the Press of the London Émigrés, 1792–1802 Simon Burrows 184 13 Burke, Boisgelin and the Politics of the Émigré Bishops Nigel Aston 197 14 ‘Fearless resting place’: the Exiled French Clergy in Great Britain, 1789–1815 Dominic Aidan Bellenger 214 Index 230 List of Plates 1 Henri-Pierre Danloux, Monsieur, Comte d’Artois. (Private collection) Painted at Holyroodhouse in 1796, this portrait was engraved for distribution as propaganda. Monsieur was leader of the extremist wing of the émigrés until his return to France in 1814. His residence in Edinburgh was described as ‘the honour of the nobility’. 2 Henri-Pierre Danloux, Mgr de la Marche, Bishop of Saint Pol de Léon, 1797. (Private collection) The Bishop was the leading figure in French émigré char- ities, as the letters and lists of subscribers scattered on and around his desk suggest. Danloux was a royalist who emi- grated in 1792 to London, where he lived until his return to Paris in 1802. His diary is a valuable account of émigré life in London. 3 Henri-Pierre Danloux, Lady Jane Dalrymple Hamilton as Bri- tannia. (Private collection) As this picture suggests, French émigré artists were not ashamed to commemorate victories over the French re- public. At the sitter’s feet a British lion is pawing the flag of the French ally, the Batavian republic, in celebration of the British victory, under the command of the sitter’s father, Admiral Duncan, over the Dutch fleet at Camper- down in 1797. 4 Mme. Vigée Le Brun, Portrait of Count Stroganov as a child. (Collection Tatiana Zoubov) Mme. Vigée Le Brun, a favourite artist of Marie Antoinette, emigrated in 1791 and earned large sums painting por- traits of members of royal and noble families in Vienna, Naples, Saint Petersburg and London until her eventual return to France in 1804. 5 Sophie de Tott, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Condé. (Private collection) Although this print shows Condé as an émigré leader fighting on the continent, it was engraved (by F. Bartolozzi RA) and published by the artist herself in London in October 1802, a year after the final disbandment of the armée de vii viii List of Plates Condé, and Condé’s arrival in England. The inscription below the portrait gives all the prince’s Ancien Régime titles: ‘Prince de Condé, Prince du Sang, Pair et Grand Maître de France, Colonel Général de l’infanterie Française et étrangère, Gouverneur et Lieutenant-Général pour le Roi dans la province de Bourgogne, etc. etc. etc.’ 6 François Huet Villiers, Louis Antoine Henry de Bourbon, Duc d’Enghien, 1804. (Private collection) As the funeral urn above the prince’s head indicates, this print was published in London in 1804 to mourn the Duc d’Enghien’s kidnapping and execution on the orders of Napoleon I. Enghien was Condé’s grandson and had fought in the armée de Condé. 7 François Huet Villiers, Louis XVIII, 1810. (Private collec- tion) Huet Villiers, who lived in London from the beginning of the revolution until his death there in 1813, painted this portrait of Louis XVIII, at Hartwell in 1810. This engraving, published by Colnaghi of Bond Street, was distributed from 1812 for purposes of propaganda. 8 Mlle de Noireterre, The Comte de Langeron, 1814. (Private collection) Born in Paris in 1763, a colonel in the French army by 1788, Langeron had joined the Russian service in 1790, fought in the armée des Princes in 1792 and subsequently served in the Austrian army before rejoining the Russian service. He rose to be a Count and a general and fought against the French Empire at Austerlitz and in the cam- paigns of 1812–14. For his successful command of the allied assault on Montmartre on 30 March 1814, he was made a Knight of the Order of Saint Andrew. Instead of staying in France, he remained in Russian service as Military Governor of south Russia and the commander and chief of the Don Cossacks. Acknowledgements The editors would like to acknowledge the very generous sup- port they have received from the Institut Français in London, which provided a venue for the 1997 conference ‘Les Émigrés Français en Europe 1789–1814’, where all the contributions in this volume originated. A second conference on 2–4 July 1999 will also take place there continuing the work begun in 1997 towards a wider picture of Emigration in Europe during the French Revolution. A further conference is planned, for Paris in the year 2002, to mark the anniversary of the return of the vast majority of émigrés from exile. Kirsty Carpenter and Philip Mansel would particularly like to thank all the particip- ants at the first conference for their interest and enthusiasm, which made the event a memorable experience for all involved. A special thanks also goes to Kimberly Chrisman for her behind- the-scenes work. Finally, we would like to thank Tim Farmiloe and Macmillan Press for their support and recognition of the importance of the Emigration in its European context. ix Notes on the Contributors Frédéric d’Agay is an independent historian. Born in 1956, he is the author of Les grands notables du Premier Empire, Var (1987) and Cháteaux et Bastides de Provence (1991), and a special- ist on the history of the French nobility in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He has published editions of the Lettres d’Italie of the Président de Brosses (1986) and the Mémoires of the Baron de Frenilly. He collaborated in the Dictionnaire Napoléon (1988) and the Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle (1990). He received his doctorate from the Sorbonne in 1996 for his thesis ‘Les officiers de marine provençaux au XVIIIième siècle’. Nigel Aston is Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Luton. His first book, French Revolution and Religion in France, 1780–1804 will appear in 1999. He is the editor of Religious Change in Europe, 1650–1914 (1997) and he works on Church– state relations at the end of the Ancien Régime.