一橋大学審査学位論文 Doctoral Dissertation NEEDLING BETWEEN SOCIAL SKIN AND LIVED EXPERIENCE: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF TATTOOING IN DOWNTOWN TOKYO McLAREN, Hayley Graduate School of Social Sciences Hitotsubashi University SD091024 社会的皮膚と生きられた経験の間に針を刺す － 東京の下町における彫り物の民族誌的研究－ ヘィリー・マクラーレン 一橋大学審査学位論文 博士論文 一橋大学大学院社会学研究科博士後期課程 i CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ III NOTES ........................................................................................................................................ IV Notes on Language .......................................................................................................... iv Notes on Names .............................................................................................................. iv Notes on Textuality ......................................................................................................... iv Notes on Terminology ..................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF WORDS .................................................................................................................... VIII INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 2 Shitamachi Tokyo ................................................................................................ 2 Previous Studies ............................................................................................................... 8 On tattooing ........................................................................................................ 8 On Japanese tattooing....................................................................................... 10 Fieldwork and Arguments .............................................................................................. 13 Outline of Chapters ........................................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... 19 HISTORICISING TATTOOING – OF CRIMINALITY AND COMMUNICATION Tattooing in Antiquity .................................................................................................... 19 Archaeological evidence in Japan .................................................................... 21 Written records ................................................................................................. 23 Japanese records ............................................................................................... 26 Punitive Tattooing .......................................................................................................... 28 Minimal practice 600~1600 .............................................................................. 29 Official punishment: Tattooing in the Edo period ............................................ 29 Decorative Tattooing ...................................................................................................... 31 Pledge tattooing ................................................................................................ 31 Horimono .......................................................................................................... 33 East and west meet ............................................................................................ 38 Yakuza connection ............................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 45 TECHNIQUES OF HORIMONO – PROCESS & PRACTICE OF TATTOOING Process of Tattooing ....................................................................................................... 47 Operation .......................................................................................................... 47 Tools .................................................................................................................. 48 Setting................................................................................................................ 51 Practices of Tattooing .................................................................................................... 53 Business methods .............................................................................................. 54 Steps to being tattooed ...................................................................................... 55 Client relations .................................................................................................. 58 Imagery ............................................................................................................. 59 ‘Traditional’ Japanese Tattoo ......................................................................................... 60 ii CHAPTER THREE ..................................................................................................................... 63 HORIKAZU – LIFE OF A HORISHI Road to Becoming a Horishi .......................................................................................... 65 Early life ............................................................................................................ 65 Formative years ................................................................................................ 65 Working Life .................................................................................................................. 67 Implications of being a horishi ......................................................................... 68 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 72 LIVING HORIMONO – NAVIGATING SKIN AND INK Seeing Horimono ........................................................................................................... 77 Nostalgic traditions ........................................................................................... 77 Three forms, one practice ................................................................................. 81 Being Hormono .............................................................................................................. 83 Becoming tattooed ............................................................................................. 86 Living Horimono ............................................................................................................ 88 CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................... 97 SPIRITS, BODIES, BOUNDARIES – HORIMONO IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE Sunday May 20th 2007: Miyadashi 宮出し .................................................................. 97 Matsuri ......................................................................................................................... 101 Sanja Matsuri ............................................................................................................... 101 Historical background – Asakusa Jinja .......................................................... 102 Festival origins ............................................................................................... 105 Festival proceedings ....................................................................................... 105 Friday: Great Parade Daigyōretsu 大行列 ............................................................ 108 Saturday: Parade of Neighbourhood Mikoshi 各町神輿連合渡御 ............. 109 Sunday: Main Mikoshi of Asakusa Jinja 本社神輿 ............................................. 110 Miyadashi 宮出し ......................................................................................................... 111 Miyairi 宮入り ............................................................................................................... 111 Torigoe Matsuri ............................................................................................................ 113 Historical background .................................................................................... 113 Dealing with troubles ...................................................................................... 115 Horimono in Action ..................................................................................................... 119 Riding the mikoshi ........................................................................................... 123 Territorial boundaries ..................................................................................... 127 Power of Horimono ...................................................................................................... 134 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................... 140 LOOKING FORWARD ...........................................................................................................