The City of Windsor ARCHAEOLOGICAL MASTER PLAN STUDY REPORT for the CITY OF WINDSOR Submitted to: City of Windsor Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Recreation Prepared by: Culture Resource Management Group Limited Fisher Archaeological Consulting Historic Horizon Inc. Dillon Consulting Limited CRM Group Project Number: 2000-004 OCTOBER 2005 Windsor Archaeological Master Plan City of Windsor Planning Report October 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Acknowledgements Executive Summary 1.0 The Windsor Archaeological Master Plan .............................. 1-1 1.1 Archaeological Background ...................................... 1-1 1.2 The City of Windsor and Archaeological Resource Management ......... 1-2 1.3 Objectives of the Study .......................................... 1-2 2.0 Historic Framework for Human Settlement in the Windsor Area ............ 2-1 2.1 Geological Setting .............................................. 2-1 2.2 Windsor Native History.......................................... 2-2 2.2.1 Paleo-Indian ............................................. 2-4 2.2.2 Native Peoples from the Archaic Horizon ...................... 2-6 2.2.3 Early and Middle Archaic .................................. 2-6 2.2.4 Late Archaic Peoples ...................................... 2-8 2.2.5 Early and Middle Woodland Peoples ........................ 2-10 2.2.6 Late Woodland Peoples ................................... 2-12 2.3 The Post-Contact Period: Thematic Overview of Euro-Canadian Settlement 2-14 2.3.1 Post-Contact Native Peoples ............................... 2-14 2.3.2 French Settlement ....................................... 2-16 2.3.3 British Settlement ....................................... 2-17 2.3.4 Urbanization ............................................ 2-18 2.3.5 Transportation .......................................... 2-19 2.3.6 Industries .............................................. 2-20 2.3.7 The Underground Railroad ................................ 2-21 2.3.8 Schools and Institutions ................................... 2-21 2.3.9 Religion ............................................... 2-22 2.3.10 Recreation ............................................. 2-23 3.0 Archaeological Resources in the City of Windsor ......................... 3-1 3.1 Previous Studies ............................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Survey of Pêche Island and Fox Estate: 1972 ................... 3-1 3.1.2 Ojibway Prairie Reserve Archaeological Survey: 1976 ........... 3-2 3.1.3 Archaeological Surveys Undertaken in Essex County: 1979 ....... 3-2 3.1.4 Survey of the Windsor South Truck Inspection Station: 1984 ...... 3-3 3.1.5 Great Western Park, C.N. Riverfront Lands and Adjacent Underwater Areas: 1989-1992 .............................. 3-3 3.1.6 The J. Clark Keith Hydro Station Assessment: 1990 ............. 3-5 3.1.7 Monitoring of Heritage Park Windmill Reconstruction: 1991 ...... 3-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont’d) Cultural Resource Management Group Limited 1 Fisher Archaeological Consulting, Historic Horizon Inc. & Dillon Consulting Limited Windsor Archaeological Master Plan City of Windsor Planning Report October 2005 Page No. 3.1.8 Ojibway Industrial Park: 1992 ............................... 3-5 3.1.9 Proposed Union Gas Pipeline - Windsor South Line: 1992 ........ 3-6 3.1.10 Peabody Bridge Archaeological Investigations: 1992 ............. 3-6 3.1.11 Peabody Bridge Archaeological Investigations - Subasphalt Testing of the Western Abutment: 1993 ....................... 3-7 3.1.12 Proposed West Windsor NSP Pipeline 12 Pipeline: 1994 ......... 3-7 3.1.13 Windsor Raceway Residential Development: 1996 .............. 3-8 3.1.14 Proposed Bert Weeks Fountain: 1998 ........................ 3-8 3.1.15 Windsor Civic Square Archaeological Background Study: 1998 . 3-8 3.1.16 Highway 401 Between Highway 3 and Concession 8: 1998 ........ 3-8 3.1.17 Riverfront Park Shoreline Class Environmental Assessment: 1999 . 3-8 3.1.18 Land Side Pêche Island Property: 2000 ........................ 3-9 3.1.19 Assumption College School Assessment: 2002 .................. 3-9 3.2 Registered Archaeological Sites in Windsor.......................... 3-9 3.2.1 Native Sites ............................................ 3-12 3.2.2 Multi-component Sites ................................... 3-15 3.2.3 Euro-Canadian Sites ..................................... 3-17 3.3 Unregistered Archaeological Sites in the Windsor Area ............... 3-21 3.3.1 Father John Lee’s Survey ................................. 3-21 3.3.2 Other Unregistered Sites .................................. 3-23 3.4 Native Burials ................................................ 3-23 3.5 Non-Native Cemeteries ......................................... 3-26 3.6 Registered Archaeological Sites in Detroit .......................... 3-28 3.6.1 Euro-American and Multi-component Sites ................... 3-28 3.6.2 Detroit Native Sites ...................................... 3-31 4.0 Archaeological Potential Modelling ..................................... 4-1 4.1 Introduction ................................................... 4-1 4.2 Pre-Contact Native Modelling Criteria and Scoring Factors.............. 4-1 4.2.1 Glacial Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology ............... 4-1 4.2.2 Soils .................................................. 4-2 4.2.3 Drainage and Topography ................................. 4-5 4.2.4 Proximity to Water & Drainage Order ........................ 4-6 4.2.5 Native Trails ............................................ 4-7 4.3 Euro-Canadian Site Potential Model ............................... 4-8 4.4 Data Mapping ................................................. 4-9 4.4.1 Previous Archaeological Surveys Layer ....................... 4-9 4.4.2 Registered and Unregistered Site Layer ....................... 4-9 4.4.3 Euro-Canadian Settlement Layer ........................... 4-10 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont’d) Page No. Cultural Resource Management Group Limited 2 Fisher Archaeological Consulting, Historic Horizon Inc. & Dillon Consulting Limited Windsor Archaeological Master Plan City of Windsor Planning Report October 2005 4.4.4 Integrity Mapping ....................................... 4-12 4.5 Application of the Pre-Contact Native Potential Model ................ 4-13 4.5.1 Potential Methodology ................................... 4-13 4.5.2 Scoring Compared to Known Sites .......................... 4-14 4.5.3 Contouring and Integrity Mapping .......................... 4-15 4.6 Application of the Euro-Canadian Potential Model ................... 4-16 5.0 Archaeological Resource Conservation and Planning in the City of Windsor . 5-1 5.1 Existing Legislative Framework .................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Provincial Legislation ..................................... 5-2 5.1.1.1 The Ontario Heritage Act (2005) ...................... 5-2 5.1.1.2 The Ontario Environmental Assessment Act (2000) ....... 5-3 5.1.1.3 The Provincial Policy Statement (2005) ................. 5-3 5.1.1.4 The Ontario Planning Act (1996) ...................... 5-3 5.1.1.5 The Ontario Cemeteries Act (1990) ..................... 5-4 5.1.2 Municipal Legislation ..................................... 5-5 5.1.2.1 The City of Windsor Official Plan ..................... 5-5 5.2 Conservation Opportunities and Priorities in the City of Windsor ......... 5-6 5.3 Implementation of the Archaeological Master Plan .................... 5-7 5.3.1 Policy Recommendations .................................. 5-7 5.3.2 Identification of Archaeological Potential ..................... 5-7 5.3.2.1 Types of Development Applications to be Assessed ......... 5-7 5.3.2.2 Location/Scale of Development Applications to be Assessed . 5-8 5.3.3 Recovery of Human Remains .............................. 5-12 5.3.4 Maintenance of the Archaeological Sites Data Base ............ 5-15 5.3.5 Access to the Archaeological Data .......................... 5-15 5.3.6 Disposition of Archaeological Artifacts ...................... 5-16 5.3.7 Public Education/Awareness .............................. 5-18 5.3.8 Media Announcements .................................... 5-19 6.0 References Cited .................................................... 6-1 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. 1 Environmental Factors for Modelling 2 Cultural Factors for Modelling 3 Archaeological Review of Development Applications 4 Archaeological Potential TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont’d) Cultural Resource Management Group Limited 3 Fisher Archaeological Consulting, Historic Horizon Inc. & Dillon Consulting Limited Windsor Archaeological Master Plan City of Windsor Planning Report October 2005 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page No. 1 Summary of Native Chronology & Culture of Ontario ......................... 2-3 2 The Four Phases of the Western Basin Tradition ............................ 2-13 3-1 Registered Archaeological Sites in the Windsor Area......................... 3-10 3-2 Unregistered Sites from J. Lee (1969) ..................................... 3-21 3-3 Summary of Additional Unregistered Native Burials and Findspots ............. 3-25 3-4 Cemeteries in Windsor................................................. 3-27 3-5 Detroit’s Euro-American Sites........................................... 3-29 3-6 Detroit Cemeteries Registered as Archaeological Sites ....................... 3-30 3-7 Detroit Multi-Component Sites .......................................... 3-31 3-8 Detroit Native Sites................................................... 3-31 4-1 Major Soil Types of Windsor (from Richards