HARVARD JOURNAL OF HISPANIC POLICY VOLUME 25, 2012-2013 AN HKS STUDENT PUBLICATION www.harvardhispanic.org Twitter: @HarvardHispanic STAFF LIST 2012-2013 Octavio González Editor-In-Chief Printed on responsibly harvested, Dante Pérez agency-certified paper containing 50% Marcos Valdez post-consumer recycle content Managing Editors Cynthia Thaler Associate Publisher for Board Relations Donations provided in support of the Monica Garcia Associate Publisher for Marketing and journal are tax deductible as a non- Distribution profit gift under Harvard University’s Senior Editor for Web Content IRS 501 (c) (3) status. Contributions should specify “for use only by the Juan Salazar Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy” in Stephanie Oviedo Senior Editors for Articles and Features order to facilitate the required account- ing procedures. Jesus Davila Senior Editor for Book Reviews All views expressed in the Harvard Javier Oliver Journal of Hispanic Policy are those of Senior Editor for Commentaries the authors or interviewees only and Anne Y. Kim do not represent the views of Harvard Senior Editor for Print and Web Inter- University, the John F. Kennedy School views of Government at Harvard University, the staff of the Harvard Journal of Ernesto Umaña Senior Editor for Special Content Hispanic Policy, the Executive Advi- sory Board of the Harvard Journal of Melissa Flores Hispanic Policy, or any associates of the Senior Editor for Art Content journal. Mark Diaz Truman Alberto Auidifaz González, Jr. © 2013 by the President and Fellows Julian López of Harvard College. All rights re- Senior Editors-At-Large served. Except as otherwise specified, Martha Foley no article or portion herein is to be Publisher reproduced or adapted to other works without the expressed written consent Richard Parker of the editors of the Harvard Journal of Faculty Advisor Hispanic Policy. ii ■ The Honorable Grace Flores- Hughes SPONSORS American Author and Vice President, F&H 2 Inc. The Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy (ISSN ISSN 0892-6115) is funded entirely Alma L. Guajardo-Crossley through subscriptions and contributions. Director, Corporate Diversity, General The John F. Kennedy School of Govern- Motors ment at Harvard University provides Tony Jimenez only in-kind assistance due to an official President & CEO, MicroTech policy that prohibits funding student- coordinated publications. We would like Edwin Meléndez to thank the following sponsors who have Professor of Urban Affairs and Planning; made the publication of our twenty-fifth Director of the Center for Puerto Rican volume possible: Studies, Hunter College Robert S. Nelsen Office of Dean David Ellwood- President, University of Texas-Pan The Executive Advisory Board American of the Harvard Journal of Hilda H. Polanco Hispanic Policy Founder and Managing Director, Fiscal Management Associates, LLC Henry A.J. Ramos Principal, Mauer Kunst Consulting EXECUTIVE ADVISORY Dr. Carlos Santiago Senior Deputy Commissioner for BOARD Academic Affairs, Massachusetts James R. Carr Department of Higher Education Chair, Executive Advisory Board Roberto Suro Genoveva L. Arellano Director of the Tomas Rivera Policy Institute; Professor, School of Policy, Principal, Arellano Associates Planning and Development, University Kenneth C. Burt of Southern California Political Director, California Federation of Teachers Sylvia M. Zaldivar-Sykes Executive Director, The Lake County Alejandra Campoverdi Community Foundation Senior Advisor, Innovation and Communications Strategy, Univision Dr. Gabriela Baeza Ventura Associate Professor, US Latin@ Network News Literature; Director of Graduate Alfredo Estrada Studies, Department of Hispanic Editor, Latino Magazine Studies University of Houston Marlene L. Garcia Manager, Strategic Initiatives Group, Apple Education, Apple Inc Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy | Volume 25 | 2013 ■■ iiiiii CONTENTS HARVARD JOURNAL OF HISPANIC POLICY Order Form The Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy is an annual, nonpartisan review that publishes interdisciplinary works on U.S Latino politics and policy making. The Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy is published by the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. VOLUME 26 ORDER FORM DESCRIPTION Quantity Price TOTAL Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy—Individu- al $20 (Institution $40/ Student $10) NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP EMAIL Mail to: Harvard Kennedy School, Student Journals Office 79 JFK Street, Mailbox #124 Cambridge, MA 02138 Make all checks payable to Harvard University. To order by e-mail, write to [email protected]; by fax, send to (617) 384-9555. For credit card payment, visit our Web site at www.hks.harvard.edu/hjhp. Please contact us regarding bulk orders. CONTENTS 2 Editor’s Note Octavio González COMMENTARIES 5 La Gente Unida Jamás Será Vencida: The Power of Changing Demographics in the 2012 Elections and Beyond by Katherine Culliton-González 15 STEM, Shoots, and Leaves: Increasing Access of Underrepresented Groups to High-Quality, Career-Readying Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Education by Chelsea Martinez SPECIAL CONTENT 27 Anatomy of a Community’s Coming of Age by Henry A. J. Ramos 35 Borderlands: U.S.-Mexican Border Policy in Pictures by Maria Davydenko FEATURED ARTICLES 49 When English Is Not Enough: Escamilla v. Cuello by Donathan L. Brown 69 Toward an Empirical Analysis of Hate Speech on Commercial Talk Radio by Chon A. Noriega and Francisco Javier Iribarren Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy | Volume 25 | 2013 ■ v CONTENTS FORMER EDITORS 97 The Importance of Preparing Teachers to Educate Vulnerable Populations by Blanchi Roblero BOOK REVIEWS 118 The Search for Kitsch: A Review of The Riddle of Cantinflas: Essays on Hispanic Popular Culture by Ilan Stavans Reviewed by Jesus Davila 121 Self-Reflection and Discovery: A Review of Mi Voz, Mi Vida: Latino College Students Tell Their Life Stories Edited by Andrew Garrod, Robert Kilkenny, and Christina Gómez Reviewed by Anthony R. Jimenez, President and CEO, MicroTech ART CONTENT 26 A Struggle for Every Generation by Daniel González 29 Justice Has No Borders by Henry A. J. Ramos 33 Infusion 34 Freedom Battle by Ray Rosario 68 El Soldado by Eric J. Garcia 117 Materia Prima by Antonio Pazaran vi ■ FORMER EDITORS A special thanks to the former editors of the Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy whose legacy continues to be a source of in- spiration for Latino and Latina students at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Henry A. J. Ramos, Founding Myrna Pérez, 1996–97 Editor, 1984–86 Eraina Ortega, 1998–99 Marlene M. Morales, 1986–87 Nereyda Salinas, 1998–99 Adolph P. Falcón, 1986–87 Raúl Ruiz, 1999–2000 Kimura Flores, 1987–88 Maurilio León, 1999–2000 Luis J. Martinez, 1988–89 Sandra M. Gallardo, 2000–01 Genoveva L. Arellano, 1989–90 Luis S. Hernandez Jr., 2000–01 David Moguel, 1989–90 Karen Hakime Bhatia, 2001–02 Carlo E. Porcelli, 1990–91 Héctor G. Bladuell, 2001–02 Laura F. Sainz, 1990–91 Jimmy Gomez, 2002–03 Diana Tisnado, 1991–92 Elena Chávez, 2003–04 Daniel Luna, 1991–92 Adrian J. Rodríguez, 2004–05 Alma Ayala, 1992–93 Edgar A. Morales, 2005–06 Lisa G. Baltazar, 1992–93 Maria C. Alvarado, 2006–07 Dale P. Johnson, 1993–94 Tomás J. García, 2007–08 Eduardo Pérez, 1994 Emerita F. Torres, 2008–09 Claudia Jasin, 1994–95 Gabriela M. Ventura, 2008–09 Mark Fassold, 1995 Adam J. Gonzales, 2009–10 Micheal U. Villareal, 1995–96 Crisóforo G. Garza, 2010–11 Alex Rodriguez, 1995–96 Joe Carreón, 2011–12 Irma Muñoz, 1996–97 Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy | Volume 25 | 2013 ■ 1 EDITOR’S NOTE he power wielded by the American Latino community dur- ing the 2012 national election signals a new era in American politics. Gone are the days when majority groups sharing Tcommon descriptive characteristics dominated the national po- litical agenda in the United States. Instead, what we are witnessing is the ascendancy of a political class that combines both the hard power of mobilizing people from the grassroots level to manifest themselves and influence policy makers at a national level, and the soft power of a community that builds coalitions that combine smart strategies for power with rather than merely over other inter- est groups in the political sphere. Of course, how this power is ex- pressed in the realm of politics is important. No longer do we have Tea Party candidates strong-arming politicos into expressing the will of minority group interests. These power tactics have declined in favor of a diffusion of power among elected and non-elected po- litical leaders. In 2012, we saw the rising political influence of non-elected leaders and activists that combined both the hard power of mo- bilization and the soft power of coalition building to create a new regime of smart power--to borrow a term coined by Harvard Ken- nedy School Professor Joseph Nye, Jr. Through this use of smart power, Latino leaders successfully influenced a presidential ad- ministration to pay attention to the needs of a vulnerable and po- litically disenfranchised population of undocumented immigrants: the Dreamers. The genius of the Dreamer movement in this last election is the contextual intelligence displayed by these leaders. Professor Nye defines contextual intelligence as “the ability to un- derstand an evolving environment and capitalize on trends.” The American Latino community will continue to need contextual in- telligence to understand that the ascendancy of the Latino commu- nity in politics does not come at the cost of a decline in power for other groups. Rather, the decline in influence of groups like the Tea Party is illustrative of this point: even the most politically powerful 2 ■ EDITOR’S NOTE interest groups cannot achieve their aims without the help of oth- ers. The political skill displayed by Dreamer activists in the way they built broad and inclusive coalitions—which included such groups as Hispanic evangelical Christians, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans- gender, queer community, unions, Silicon Valley business leaders, and various ethnic interest groups—illustrates this contextual in- telligence necessary to succeed.