Family: Arecaceae Taxon: Caryota urens Synonym: NA Common Name: Fishtail palm Jaggery palm Toddy palm Wine Palm Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Assessor WRA Score 5 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 Print Date: 3/14/2012 Caryota urens (Arecaceae) Page 1 of 8 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 5 Print Date: 3/14/2012 Caryota urens (Arecaceae) Page 2 of 8 Supporting Data: 101 2009. Henderson, A.. Palms of Southern Asia. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1993. Flora of North America Editorial [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "native, India." Committee. Flora of North America: North of Mexico, Volume 22. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 201 2009. Henderson, A.. Palms of Southern Asia. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Range and habitat. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ Southern India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka; widely cultivated." 202 1993. Flora of North America Editorial [Quality of climate match data 2-High] "native, India." Committee. Flora of North America: North of Mexico, Volume 22. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 203 2003. Riffle, R.L./Craft, P.. An encyclopedia of [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "The species is adapted cultivated palms. Timber Press, Portland, OR. only to zones 10a and 11 and is marginal in 10a." 203 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kindt, R./Jamnadass, [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Potentially] "Altitude: Up to R./Simons, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree 1200 m" [Elevation range may exceed 1000 m; potential environmental versatility] reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre, (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/) 204 2009. Henderson, A.. Palms of Southern Asia. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ "Range and habitat. Southern India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka; widely cultivated." 205 1993. Flora of North America Editorial [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Committee. Flora of North America: North of range? Yes] "introduced; Fla." Mexico, Volume 22. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian range? Yes] "Wine palm was once extensively cultivated in Honolulu, but as the Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop trees matured, flowered, and began to die they were not replaced as frequently." Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 205 2009. Henderson, A.. Palms of Southern Asia. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ range? Yes] "Range and habitat. Southern India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka; widely cultivated." 301 1993. Flora of North America Editorial [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Two species of Caryota are commonly Committee. Flora of North America: North of cultivated in southern Florida: C. urens and C. mitis. Both species have Mexico, Volume 22. Oxford University Press, naturalized in Dade County, Florida." Oxford, UK 301 2003. Wunderlin, R.P./Hansen, B.F.. Guide to [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Disturbed tropical hammocks. Rare; the Vascular Plants of Florida. University Press Miami-Dade Co. Native to India. Escaped from cultivation." of Florida, Gainsville, FL 301 2008. Foxcroft, L.C./Richardson, D.M./Wilson, [Naturalized beyond native range? Not in Kruger N.P., South Africa] "Table 2 J.R.U.. Ornamental Plants as Invasive Aliens: Ornamental alien plant species recorded per camp in the Kruger National Park, Problems and Solutions in Kruger National Park, indicating the number of camps in which each species has been recorded, as well South Africa. Environmental Management. 41: as mode of introduction" [Caryota urens: Evidence of naturalization? = No] 32–51. 302 2001. Langeland, K.A./Stocker, R.K.. Control of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Yes] "Comments: Unlike any other palm Non-native Plants in Natural Areas of Florida. genus, the leaves are twice compound; on multiple-trunked (clumping) species, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, when one trunk is cut the plant will resprout; fruits abundantly and is a common University of Florida, Gainesville, FL invasive plant in hammocks;" [Potential environmental weed, but evidence of http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/ldspmgt/Ldsp%20Turf%20 significant impacts not documented] Mgmt/PDFfiles/WG20900.pdf 302 2006. Kato, H. /Hata, K./Yamamoto, [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Yes] "Appendix 2 Results of weed risk H./Yoshioka, T.. Effectiveness of the weed risk assessment and expert survey for 130 non-native plant species in the Bonin assessment system for the Bonin Islands. Pp 65- Islands." [Caryota urens scored 7; designated a major pest by experts] 72 In Koike, F. et al. (eds), Assessment and Control of Biological Invasion Risks. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Print Date: 3/14/2012 Caryota urens (Arecaceae) Page 3 of 8 302 2012. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: Toddy Palm, [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Yes. Potential nuisance] "This is an Fishtail Wine Palm, Jaggery Palm - Caryota impressive palm, and one of the more commonly grown Caryotas (Fishtail Palms) urens. around Southern California... but it has its problems. The main problem being http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/56543/ they are monocarpic. Once they flower, they croak, and then there is a monstrous dead tree to remove from your backyard, or wherever it is. And it's not a simple tree to remove. Caryotas are famous for having some of the hardest wood in the plant kingdom. Chainsaws will barely cut into one alive, and they seem to get harder once they die. On top of that, Caryotas have wimpy root systems. I guess where they're from (the Asian tropics usually) there is little wind and no need for large root systems. Anyway, a good Santa Ana wind will easily knock one of these trees over, and they can weigh several tons.