HUNGARIAN GEOGRAPHICAL BULLETIN 65 2016 (4) CONTENT European trends in spatial mobility Dallen J. Timothy and Gábor Michalkó: European trends in spatial mobility .................................. 317 Gábor Lados and Gábor Hegedűs: Returning home: An evaluation of Hungarian return migration ........................................................................................................................ 321 Armando Montanari and Evelina Paluzzi: Human mobility and settlement patterns from eight EU countries to the Italian regions of Lombardy, Veneto, Tuscany, Lazio and Sicily .... 331 Gerardo Gallo and Barbara Staniscia: Italian youth mobility during the last two decades: an overview in eight selected EU countries ........................................................................... 345 Beáta Siska-Szilasi, Tibor Kóródi and Péter Vadnai: Measuring and interpreting emigration intentions of Hungarians .......................................................................................................... 361 Károly Kocsis, Judit Molnár Sansum, Lea Kreinin, Gábor Michalkó, Zsolt Bottlik, Balázs Szabó, Dániel Balizs and György Varga: Geographical characteristics of contemporary international migration in and into Europe........................................................................... 369 Dóra Bálint and András Trócsányi: New ways of mobility: the birth of ridesharing. A case study from Hungary ................................................................................................................. 391 Juan Parreño-Castellano and Josefina Domínguez-Mujica:Working and retiring in sunny Spain: Lifestyle migration further explored ...................................................................................... 407 Éva Gellér-Lukács, Ágnes Töttös and Sándor Illés: Free movement of people and the Brexit.......... 421 Book review Dominguez-Mujica, J. (ed.): Global Change and Human Mobility (Barbara Jaczewska) ................. 433 Haynes, A., Power, M.J., Devereux, E., Dillane, A. and Carr, J. (eds.): Public and Political Discourses of Migration: International Perspectives (Péter Balogh) .................................. 437 Nadler, R., Kovács, Z., Glorius, B. and Lang, T. (eds.): Return Migration and Regional Development in Europe: Mobility Against the Stream (Anna Irimiás) .............................. 440 Marvin, S., Luque-Ayala, A. and McFarlane, C. (eds.): Smart Urbanism: Utopian Vision or False Dawn? (László Cseke) ....................................................................................................... 444 DOI: 10.15201/hungeobull.65.4.1Timothy, D.J. and Michalkó,Hungarian G. Hungarian Geographical Geographical Bulletin Bulletin 65 65 2016 (2016) (4) (4) 317–320. 317–320.317 European trends in spatial mobility Dallen J. TIMOTHY1 and Gábor MICHALKÓ2 From a Eurocentric point of view, Europe has challenges continent-wide. While much pub- long functioned as the caput mundi of human lic opinion, thanks largely to the media, con- mobility – a home and destination for hunt- centrates on arrivals from Africa, the Middle ers and gatherers, conquerors, colonizers, East and Asia, intra-regional migration in learners and scientists, pilgrims, tourists, Europe receives much less media attention. emigrants and immigrants. From Europe’s There are many migratory flows between ancient frontiers and marches to today’s European countries in the form of amen- precisely delineated and demarcated state ity (quality-of-life) migration (Gosnell, boundaries, borders have long affected eco- H. and Abrams, J. 2011), labour migration nomic, social, military and political relations (Andrijasevic, R. and Sacchetto, D. 2016), between ancient and modern states. During student migration (Wells, A. 2014) and re- the past half century, however, globalization turn migration (Illés, S. 2015). Together, these processes, including the supra-nationaliza- form a relatively new and dynamic phenom- tion of Europe, have changed inter-state re- enon enabled and encouraged by the estab- lations and human mobilities perhaps more lishment of the European Union and its as- than any other force in recent history. sociated ‘freedom of movement’ treaties, such These geopolitical vicissitudes have had a as the 1985 Schengen Agreement and the 1990 clear and concise ‘de-bordering’ effect, particu- Schengen Convention. Simultaneously, the larly since the Schengen Convention of 1990, entry of Europe’s former socialist states into which paved the way for the abolishment of the EU and Schengen Area, and the concur- intra-Schengen Area border inspections and the rent permeation of these countries’ citizens establishment of a shared visa regime (Timothy, into the Western European labour market, has D.J. 2001; Timothy, D.J. and Saarinen, J. 2013). significantly broadened the scope and scale This de-bordering process has accelerated mi- of intra-European migration (Andrijasevic, gration to Europe and between states within R. and Sacchetto, D. 2016), just as economic Europe, as well as stimulated tourism as an hardships in Mediterranean Europe have in- economic growth engine (Etzo, I. et al. 2014). duced large-scale migrations northward. Because of its relative location, high stand- Besides migration, tourism is one of the ard of living, colonial history, and generous most widely researched configurations of immigrant and refugee benefits, Europe has cross-border human mobility. Migration and become a magnet for migrants from Africa tourism share a number of symbiotic rela- and the Middle East across the Mediterranean tionships, which result in several manifesta- Sea and through Asia Minor. This pattern of tions of tourism supply and demand (Hall, migration, especially since 2013, has generat- C.M. and Williams, A. 2002; Coles, T.E. and ed a great deal of pressure on Europe, which Timothy, D.J. 2004; Illés, S. and Michalkó, has flared many debates and spurred legal G. 2008; Lew, A.A. et al. 2015). Europe has 1 School of Community Resources and Development, Arizona State University, 411 N. Central Avenue, Suite 550, Phoenix, Arizona, USA 85004. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1112 Budapest, Budaörsi út 45; Department of Tourism, Corvinus University of Budapest. H-1093 Budapest, Fővám tér 8. E-mail: [email protected] 318 Timothy, D.J. and Michalkó, G. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (4) 317–320. been the most visited region in the world for is one of the most researched contemporary many decades, and the connections between themes in human geography (Merriman, P. tourism and migration are very apparent. 2009; Staeheli, L.A. 2016). There are mount- First, migration stimulates a wide range of ing pressures associated with migration tourism types, including ‘visiting friends to and within Europe, growing trends in and relatives’ (VFR) tourism, second-home cross-border tourism and trans-boundary tourism, religious tourism, diaspora tourism labour, increasing supranational trade and and roots tourism. Secondly, it provides a cross-frontier utilitarian shopping, a need for heritage resource base for tourism, including more cost-effective and convenient forms of ethnic neighbourhoods, cultural landscapes, transportation (e.g. ride sharing), and the cre- heritage cuisines and ethnic foods, festivals, ation of new spaces and places of mobility. and other culture-based resources (Coles, Therefore, it is incumbent upon geographers T.E. and Timothy, D.J. 2004). Third, one of and other social scientists to continue exam- the most salient reasons people migrate ining and debating the spatial and regional abroad is to seek work in the tourism sector. dimensions of human mobility and to dis- Labour migrants are eager to find employ- seminate knowledge through publications, ment and often provide affordable labour scientific workshops and conferences. for the service industries, including tourism. This special issue of the Hungarian Finally, there is a long history of people be- Geographical Bulletin does just that by focus- ing attracted to foreign locales (e.g. the UK to ing on spatial mobility trends in Europe. Spain) for entrepreneurial reasons, including This issue is comprised of papers presented setting up hospitality-related businesses. in the ‘Globility’ sessions at the 2015 EUGEO Migration and tourism are two of the most Congress in Budapest, Hungary (Photo 1). salient manifestations of human mobility, With the support of the International but so are short-distance and same-day cross- Geographical Union (IGU), the Commission border trade, work, healthcare and shop- on Global Change and Human Mobility ping trips (Michalkó, G. and Timothy, D.J. (‘Globility’), was founded in 2000 to specialize 2001). As noted earlier, the topic of mobility in human movement in border areas and hu- Photo 1. Participants of EUGEO 2015 Congress (Budapest) in the „Changing world, changing human mobilities: global convergence and divergence” session Timothy, D.J. and Michalkó, G. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 65 (2016) (4) 317–320. 319 man spatial mobility in general. Today, the 150 such patterns. They argue that the emigration members from 50 countries hold their annual of large numbers of young people in search scientific meetings at different locales through- of economic progress, adventure and lifestyle out the world to present research and deliber- change may destabilize the social and econom- ate about a wide range of issues in numerous