Science, Schooling And Manpower Production in Nigeria: A Study of Kano State Science Secondary Schools, 1977-1987 By Abdalla Uba Adamu A Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (D.Phil.) of The University of Sussex, Brighton, England March 1988 Table of Contents Declaration.................................................................................................................................viii Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................ix Abstract...........................................................................................................................................x Map of Nigeria ...........................................................................................................................xii Map Of Kano State Showing The Local Government Areas Where The Four Science Secondary Schools Are Located (Dawakin Tofa, Dawakin Kudu, Ringim And Kafin Hausa)......................................................................................................................xii Chapter 1 .......................................................................................................................................1 Introduction To The Study.......................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 1.2 Background to the Research .......................................................................................4 1.3 The Statement of the Problem....................................................................................6 1.4 The Research Questions ...............................................................................................6 1.5 Rationale For The Research.........................................................................................7 1.6 Organization of the Thesis...........................................................................................7 Chapter 2 .......................................................................................................................................9 Theoretical Framework And Literature Review ................................................................9 2.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................9 2.1 Section I: Theoretical Framework For Educational Changes............................9 2.1.1 Strategies Of Educational Change.............................................................15 2.2 Section II: Patterns of Change in Science Education ........................................18 2.2.1 Theme One: Origin of Science Education Innovations..................20 2.2.2 Theme Two: Identification of the need for a change .....................26 2.2.3 Theme Three: Characteristics of the Innovations............................29 2.2.4 Theme Four: The issues raised by the Science Education Reforms .............................................................................................................................35 Chapter 3 .....................................................................................................................................41 Analytical Framework And Instrumentation ....................................................................41 3.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................41 3.1 Section I: A Study Of Analytical Frameworks......................................................41 3.2 Section II: Analytical Instrumentation ....................................................................45 3.2.1 The Research Questions ................................................................................45 3.2.2 Tactical Considerations..................................................................................46 Table 3.1 Research Tactics Grid...........................................................................47 3.2.2.1 Research Question 1 ....................................................................................48 3.2.2.2 Research Question 2 ....................................................................................49 3.2.2.3 Research Question 3 ....................................................................................50 3.2.2.4 Research Question 4 ....................................................................................51 3.2.2.5 Research Question 5 ....................................................................................53 3.2.2.6 Research Question 6 ....................................................................................53 3.2.3 Overall Limitations...........................................................................................54 Chapter 4 .....................................................................................................................................55 Education, Schooling and the Social Response in Kano, 1910-1985.......................55 4.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................55 4.1 Section I: Social Response To Education in Kano Before Independence .55 4.1.1 Historical Antecedents ...................................................................................55 4.1.2 The Social Response........................................................................................57 Table 4.1: Post-Primary School Enrollment In Kano State, 1976-1984 ...............................................................................................................................................58 ii 4.2 Section II: The Education Review Committees ...................................................59 Chapter 5 .....................................................................................................................................65 The Emergence of the Science Secondary Schools, 1977-1987.................................65 5.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................65 5.1 Section I: The Genesis of the Science Schools Project.....................................65 Table 5.1: Kano State Manpower Strength In Science And Technological Disciplines, 1968-71.....................................................................67 5.2 Section II: The Science Schools Board...................................................................77 5.2.1 The establishment and functions of the Board .................................77 5.2.2 Membership of the Board, 1977-1979.....................................................79 5.2.3 Autonomy and control...................................................................................80 Table 5.2: Science Board Expenditure on the Science Schools, 1977- 1986 .....................................................................................................................................81 5.2.4 Membership of the Board, 1979-1983.....................................................81 5.2.5 Membership of the Board, 1984-1986.....................................................83 5.3 Section III: The Science Secondary Schools.........................................................85 5.3.1 Initial preparations..........................................................................................85 5.3.2 Fundamental characteristics I: The students......................................86 5.3.3 The Student Selection Process....................................................................87 Table 5.3: Science School Graduates, 1980-1985..........................................87 5.3.4 The Girls Science Secondary School .......................................................94 5.3.5 Fundamental characteristics II: The teachers ....................................96 Table 5.4: Summary of Teaching Applications to the Science Schools, 1986 .....................................................................................................................................98 5.3.6 Fundamental characteristics III: The pedagogic context........... 100 5.4 Section IV: Analysis And Conclusions................................................................. 104 Chapter 6 .................................................................................................................................. 107 Analysis of the Nigerian Science Curriculum ............................................................... 107 6.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 107 6.1 Section I: Background History the New Nigerian Science Curriculum.... 107 6.1.1 Genesis of the Curriculum ........................................................................ 107 6.1.2 The New National Policy on Education .............................................. 110 6.1.3 Description of the Curriculum................................................................ 110 6.1.4 The Text materials for the new curriculum ..................................... 111 6.1.5 Structure of the New Science Curriculum ......................................... 111 6.2 Section II: Rationale And Curriculum Strategies