Miss Yourlovin Ann Elizabeth Pfau CHAPTER 5 The Legend of Tokyo Rose1 2 American veterans of the Pacific war still remember Tokyo Rose. She was the 1 most dangerous and seductive of the enemy radio announcers who broadcast propaganda to American troops. During the war, she attracted avid listeners who passed the time in the tropics by circulating stories about what she said and speculating about who she really was. After the Japanese defeat, former servicemen reminisced about Tokyo Rose, and when the U.S. Department of Justice (DoJ) called for witnesses able to recognize her voice and to remember her words, many veterans eagerly volunteered their memories. In interviews conducted by FBI agents and in their own sworn statements, these men claimed to remember the peculiarities of her voice and delivery; they were certain that they could identify Tokyo Rose were they to hear her again. Many characterized her voice as "soft," "smooth," "sultry," or "sexy"; she spoke with a slight accent, or they were amazed by its lack. When asked to describe the content of Tokyo Rose's radio show, some former servicemen recounted taunting tales of unfaithful wives who were dating draft-dodgers. Others remembered more ominous broadcasts. They claimed that Tokyo Rose "welcomed" American troops to the Pacific by predicting their movements and warning of impending attacks. Between December 1945 and June 1949, FBI agents collected former 2 servicemen's stories about Tokyo Rose with the goal of building a treason case against Iva Toguri. Toguri was an American Nisei who had been visiting a sick aunt in Japan at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Despite her efforts to return home to the United States, Toguri was trapped as an enemy alien in Japan for the duration of the war. During that time, she supported herself by working as a typist and, after November 1943, as a popular announcer for the Japan Broadcasting Corporation. On the air, Toguri called herself "Orphan Ann," but her American listeners often referred to her (as well as to other female announcers) as Tokyo Rose. Toguri became known as "the one and original 'Tokyo Rose' who broadcasted from Radio Tokyo" only after she agreed to an interview with two American journalists on 1 September 1945.3 The news that reporters had discovered the real Tokyo Rose reached the 3 United States just weeks after the U.S. government had announced that no such woman existed. The Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (FBIS), the © 2008 Columbia University Press www.gutenberg-e.org/pfau 1 of 28 Miss Yourlovin Chapter 5 Ann Elizabeth Pfau government agency responsible for monitoring enemy broadcasts, was the source of this announcement. FBIS reported that no one in its employ had ever heard the name Tokyo Rose broadcast over Japanese frequencies. Furthermore, FBIS operatives were unable to identify a probable candidate to fit the widely varying descriptions. The report singled out Toguri's "Orphan Ann" as the woman "most servicemen seem to refer to when they speak of Tokyo Rose" but characterized the "legends" that "piled up about 'Tokyo Rose'" as "apocryphal."4 Hello there Enemies . how's tricks? This is Ann of Radio Tokyo, and we're just going to begin our regular programme of music..news and the zero hour for our Friends . I mean, our enemies! . in Australia and the South Pacific . so be on your guard, and mind the children don't hear! . All set? . O.K. here's the first blow at your morale . the Boston Pops . playing "Strike Up the Band."5 With these words, Iva Toguri opened her segment of the popular Japanese 4 radio program, "The Zero Hour," on 22 February 1944. This was a typical broadcast. As the announcer "Orphan Ann," Toguri welcomed her American listeners (whom she also called orphans) to the program by telling them to expect a "subtle attack" on their morale. She urged servicemen to sing along to sentimental songs like "The Love Parade," and then, pretending her "Orphan Choir" had declined the offer, she comically affected pique: "You won't alright you thankless wretches, I'll entertain myself and you go play with the mosquitoes." Later broadcasts followed the same format. Preparing her "honourable boneheads" for a "vicious assault on your morale," Toguri made humorous references to Pacific island discomforts (too many mosquitoes, not enough beer) and played "sweet" music by performers such as Rudy Vallee and His Connecticut Yankees, Victor Herbert, and Bing Crosby.6 In one broadcast, "Orphan Ann" informed her listeners that she was preparing 5 to "creep up and annihilate them with my nail file" while she "lull[ed] their senses" with a Victor Herbert waltz, "Kiss Me Again." But Toguri's scripts and FBIS transcripts show no sign that she ever broadcast Japanese intelligence or threatened American soldiers.7 Yet American servicemen have long asserted they heard words that Japanese documents and American radio monitoring equipment did not record. Their memories, memoirs, letters, and diaries are the only evidence we have of such broadcasts. © 2008 Columbia University Press www.gutenberg-e.org/pfau 2 of 28 Miss Yourlovin Chapter 5 Ann Elizabeth Pfau The issue, then, is how to assess the historical value of this evidence. One 6 option is to treat servicemen's stories as factual accounts of they actually heard. Taking that approach, Iva Toguri is the most likely candidate for the role of Tokyo Rose. Even before Toguri became the topic of sensational news stories, American soldiers and war correspondents identified Tokyo Rose as the female announcer on "The Zero Hour," and many accounts of Rose's broadcasts were partly modeled on Toguri's,8 but whereas "Ann" invited servicemen to "sit back, close your eyes, and relax" while they listened to music, Rose urged her listeners to "go back to your homes before it is too late."9 Yet treating soldiers' Tokyo Rose stories as evidence of actual broadcasts would mean overlooking too many important facts (among them, that stories about Tokyo Rose predated "Orphan Ann's" November 1943 debut).10 Even the contention that some other woman might have broadcast the words soldiers remembered and wrongly attributed to Iva Toguri (as Toguri's defense lawyers, and later her biographers, tried to do)11 requires a stretch of the historical imagination. To make this argument, one would have to disregard both FBIS's failure to identify a real Tokyo Rose and Toguri's long-standing identification with the moniker. Lack of sufficient evidence to convict or absolve has always been the difficulty 7 of assessing the case against Iva Toguri. Radio Tokyo officials burned agency records before American troops arrived in Japan. Iva Toguri retained several scripts in her possession and distributed others to American soldiers as souvenirs, but these documents do not cover her entire broadcast history. Furthermore, for all the agency's monitoring, FBIS representatives were able to provide government lawyers with only a few clear recordings; most broadcasts were recorded on wax cylinders that were later shaved and reused.12 All available documentary and recorded evidence supports the conclusion that 8 FBIS officials were correct more than fifty years ago when they characterized Tokyo Rose as an American "invention."13 Like all legends, Tokyo Rose has basis in historical fact. Toguri's "Orphan Ann" segments were sandwiched between propaganda-tinged news, skits, and commentary. However, the bare facts of Japanese broadcasts do not account for the radio personality so many servicemen talked about, wrote about, and still remember. Rather, this legend was born of emotions, like anger, alienation, and anxiety—feelings about the war, the military, and American civilians that soldiers were otherwise unable or © 2008 Columbia University Press www.gutenberg-e.org/pfau 3 of 28 Miss Yourlovin Chapter 5 Ann Elizabeth Pfau unwilling to acknowledge.14 The emotions that gave rise to Tokyo Rose later fueled the drive to punish Iva Toguri when she became entangled in the legend. The most striking aspect of Iva Toguri's 1949 treason trial was the discrepancy between what 9 she actually broadcast and what former soldiers remembered hearing. One of the recordings presented by the prosecution as evidence of treason contained this example of propaganda, described by journalist Francis O'Gara as "sometimes insolent, sometimes almost affectionate": Hello you fighting orphans of the Pacific. How's tricks? This is after her weekend Annie back on the air strictly under union hours. Reception O.K.? Why, it better be because this is all request night and I've got a pretty nice program for my favorite little family—the wandering boneheads of the Pacific islands. The first request is made by none other than the boss and guess what. He wants Bonnie Baker in "My Resistance is Low." My, what taste you have sir, she said. (music) By contrast, the veterans who served as ear-witnesses for the prosecution remembered far more sensational and damaging broadcasts. The day after the jury listened to the government's recordings, former Army lieutenant Jules Sutter Jr. testified that in early September 1944 (about two weeks after the broadcast above), he heard Toguri tell Americans on Saipan that the island was "mined with high explosive[s]" and would be "blown sky high" unless U.S. forces evacuated the area within 48 hours.15 On the following day, Marshall Hoot, who had commanded a rescue and patrol boat assigned 10 to the area of the Gilbert Islands, provided the prosecution with even more damaging testimony, reportedly moving some of the women in the courtroom "close to tears."16 Under cross-examination by defense attorney Wayne Collins, a lawyer well known for his defense of Japanese American detainees, Hoot produced an intimate and affecting letter he had written to his wife in the first week of January 1944.