Our Segregated Capital An Increasingly Diverse City with Racially Polarized Schools Gary Orfield & Jongyeon Ee February 2017 2 Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles Our Segregated Capital, February 2017 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 11 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT .......................................................................................................................... 15 WHY IT MATTERS: RESEARCH SHOWS POWERFUL INTEGRATION EFFECTS .................................................................... 16 THE HISTORY OF THE ISSUE IN WASHINGTON ...................................................................................................................... 19 CIVIL RIGHTS AND WASHINGTON SCHOOLS .......................................................................................................................... 21 THE JUDICIAL EFFORT: SERIOUS BUT TOO LATE .................................................................................................................. 24 DEMOGRAPHIC REALITIES: .............................................................................................................................. 27 POPULATION AND SCHOOL ENROLLMENT TRENDS IN WASHINGTON .............................................. 27 HOUSING SEGREGATION IS THE UNDERLYING REALITY ....................................................................................................... 29 BLACK EXODUS, WHITE RETURN ............................................................................................................................................ 30 SURPRISING WHITE GROWTH IN THE DC POPULATION ...................................................................................................... 31 SMALL CHANGES IN SCHOOL DIVERSITY ................................................................................................................................ 32 CHANGES IN SCHOOL POPULATION ......................................................................................................................................... 33 TRYING EVERYTHING ELSE ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 THE CHANGING CITY AND METRO POPULATION: HOUSING ISSUES .................................................................................. 41 SEGREGATION TRENDS IN WASHINGTON DC ............................................................................................. 44 INTERGROUP CONTACT IN SCHOOLS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ............................................................................... 47 DOUBLE SEGREGATION: SEGREGATION BY RACE AND POVERTY ....................................................................................... 52 WASHINGTON DC CHARTER SCHOOLS AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS ............................................................. 53 INTERGROUP CONTACT IN PUBLIC AND CHARTER SCHOOLS IN DC ................................................................................... 56 SEGREGATION IS DOUBLE SEGREGATION IN DC PUBLIC AND CHARTER SCHOOLS .......................................................... 62 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND RACIAL COMPOSITION ........................................................ 68 Mathematics results (Below basic and advanced levels) .................................................................................... 69 METROPOLITAN TRENDS .................................................................................................................................. 75 OVERALL TRENDS OF TOTAL SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA ................................................ 76 MULTIRACIAL AND MINORITY SEGREGATED SCHOOLS IN LARGE DISTRICTS OF DC METRO AREA ............................. 78 INTERGROUP CONTACT IN LARGE DISTRICTS OF DC’S METRO AREA ............................................................................... 79 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX A ........................................................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX B ........................................................................................................................................................... 94 3 Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles Our Segregated Capital, February 2017 List of Tables TABLE 1: SCHOOL ENROLLMENT BY RACE IN COMBINED PUBLIC AND CHARTER SCHOOLS, ............. 44 TABLE 2: TOTAL NUMBER OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND WASHINGTON, DC, 2001-02 AND 2011-12 ......................................................................................................... 45 TABLE 3: STUDENT ENROLLMENT BY RACE AND RACIAL PROPORTION IN DC PRIVATE SCHOOLS, ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 45 TABLE 4: SCHOOLS CLASSIFIED BY PERCENT OF NONWHITE STUDENTS ..................................................... 46 TABLE 5: EXPOSURE TO WHITES BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF WHITES .......................................................................................................................................... 48 TABLE 6: EXPOSURE TO BLACKS BY TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE & PERCENTAGE OF BLACKS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 49 TABLE 7: EXPOSURE TO LATINOS BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF LATINOS ......................................................................................................................................... 49 TABLE 8: EXPOSURE TO ASIANS BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF ASIANS .......................................................................................................................................................................... 50 TABLE 9: EXPOSURE TO WHITES AND ASIANS BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF WHITES AND ASIANS ............................................................................................................... 51 TABLE 10: EXPOSURE TO LOW-INCOME STUDENTS BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS LIVING IN POVERTY ............................................................................... 52 TABLE 11: SCHOOL ENROLLMENT BY RACE IN PUBLIC AND CHARTER SCHOOLS, 2002-2014 ........... 55 TABLE 12: SCHOOLS CLASSIFIED BY PERCENT OF NONWHITE STUDENTS IN WASHINGTON DC ..... 55 TABLE 13: PERCENTAGE OF BLACK AND LATINO STUDENTS IN NONWHITE SCHOOLS IN WASHINGTON DC SCHOOLS, 2002-2013 ............................................................................................................. 56 TABLE 14: EXPOSURE TO WHITES BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF WHITES .......................................................................................................................................... 57 TABLE 15: EXPOSURE TO BLACKS BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF BLACKS ........................................................................................................................................... 58 TABLE 16: EXPOSURE TO LATINOS BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF LATINOS ......................................................................................................................................... 58 TABLE 17: EXPOSURE TO ASIANS BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF ASIANS ............................................................................................................................................ 59 TABLE 18: EXPOSURE TO BLACKS STUDENTS BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF AFRICAN AMERICANS ............................................................................................................. 61 TABLE 19: EXPOSURE TO LOW-INCOME STUDENTS BY THE TYPICAL STUDENT OF EACH RACE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS LIVING IN POVERTY ............................................................................... 62 TABLE 20: PROPORTION OF PUBLIC AND CHARTER SCHOOLS, BY % WHITE 2002-2012 ..................... 65 TABLE 21: PROPORTION OF WHITE STUDENTS IN WHITE DECILE SCHOOLS, 2002-2012 .................... 65 TABLE 22: PROPORTION OF BLACK STUDENTS IN SCHOOLS BY % OF WHITE, 2002-2012 .................. 66 TABLE 23: PROPORTION OF LATINO STUDENTS IN SCHOOLS BY % WHITE, 2002-2012 ....................... 66 TABLE 24: PROPORTION OF ASIAN STUDENTS