International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management 29th April 2014. Vol.24 No.1 © 2012 – 2014 JITBM & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2304-0777 www.jitbm.com HOW RFID TECHNOLOGY BOOSTS WALMART’S SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Sandy Kosasi, SE, MM, M.Kom1, Dr. Hoga Saragih, ST, MT2 STMIK Pontianak1 & Bakrie University2 Email: [email protected] & [email protected] Abstract Purpose – The role of RFID technologies in supply chain management have gained significant interest in researchers and academics in recent years. Yet, very few studies conductedonhow this technologycould boost supply chains. So this study was to scrutinize how RFID technology boosts Wal-Mart’s supply chain management. Design/methodology/approach – Exploratory research approachwas adopted to obtain an in- depth understanding of RFID technology andsupply chain through related journals and literatures.Then the research was conducted in the form of case studies on RFID technology and Wal-Mart’s supply chain management practices. In general, the research is more descriptive and interpretive in nature. Findings –Wal- Mart succeeded in adopting the RFID technology, reduced out-of-stocks and the bullwhip effect, reduction in manual orders resulting in a reduction of excess inventory, improved service levels and reduced administration costs. Originality/value – The paper is original that provides empirical supportto RFID and SCM implementation, and creates value for retail stores on managing inventory. Keyword: RFID, SCM, Bullwhip Effect, VMI, CPFR INTRODUCTION Most retail stores are facing inventory problems Using tags, readers and radio waves to because of bullwhip effects and the lack of real- communicate between the two, RFID combined time product and data for retail stores. These issues with the EPC (Electronic Product Code) would be would affect product receiving labor costs and able to address these pain points and deliver a paperwork, lost sales due to out-of-stock, incorrect whole range of benefits across various verticals like inventory and misplacements, dated point-of-sale manufacturing, distribution, retail, and logistics. data for planning, proper management of date The potential benefits arise from increase in supply sensitive inventory, check-out station labor and chain visibility, increase in efficiencies and times, product shrinkage (theft) and return frauds, decrease in costs due to better data and product return. synchronization, increase in responsiveness to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is emerging changes due to real time information visibility. as a technology that could provide the answer to Thus, RFID promises to have a major impact on these problems. Since this technology is providing supply chains allowing trading partners to companies with ways to become faster and more collaborate more effectively and achieve new efficient in all areas of the supply chain, from the levels of efficiency and responsiveness. Realizing original equipment manufacturer down to the end the potential of RFID to deliver major benefits in consumer. RFID Technology is a smarter way to the supply chain, both end users and technology track shipments, time deliveries, and keep vendors are moving quickly to harness its potential. inventories; this in turn makes processes faster, RFID enables Wal-Mart to improve the efficiency more efficient, and with less error. It goes beyond of its supply chain management through greater other systems because it encompasses more supply chain visibility and more accurate ordering information than prior technologies. decisions. Just in Time (JIT) ordering enables Wal- 29 International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management 29th April 2014. Vol.24 No.1 © 2012 – 2014 JITBM & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2304-0777 www.jitbm.com Mart to decrease the costs associated with also helps to reduce out-of-stock items. There is no inefficient inventory decisions and handling. doubt that RFID is invaluable for improving Ordering and sales are more closely aligned, inventory management and supply chain efficiency decreasing the intensity of Bullwhip effects. [12]. Wal-Mart has mandated the use of RFID This study explored the role of RFID in Wal- technology by its top 100 suppliers at the level of Mart’s supply chain for obtaining information; product cases. Full implementation of RFID could RFID technology and the supply chain, eliminate the need for manual counting and bar- components of RFID, the integration into the code scanning at the receiving dock [7]. RFIDs supply chain, the benefits, and how it can boosts have tremendous opportunities for increasing value and enhances Wal-Mart’s supply chain to a firm by providing increased product visibility, management.Potential benefits against inventory reduce out-of-stock items, trim warehouse costs, inaccuracy problems, the bullwhip effect, vendor- eliminate stock errors, reduce theft and shrinkage managed inventory, and replenishment policies are and allow companies to regularly update their the main topics that this study focused on. A brief logistics and inventory databases [4]. Wal-Mart’s survey of potential benefits of RFID technologies performance improvements represent major in supply chains is presented in three parts; (1) the benefits of RFID--efficient tracking of the items in benefits of RFID improving inventory accuracy, (2) real time, automated inventory tracking, and dealing with the bullwhip effect and (3) aligning companies in the supply chain. replenishment policies in supply chains. RFID consists of an active and passive radio LITERATURE REVIEW frequency (RF) tag applied to the item being tracked and an RF reader/emitter. A passive tag RFID Definition and History draws energy from the reader, whereas an active tag has its own battery and draws power from there RFID is a technology that enables large amounts of [5].RFID is a smarter barcode that will one day information to be stored on chips replace the barcode that we are familiar with today. (tags/transponders) that can be read at a distance by RFID is an innovative technology that will make readers, without requiring line of sight scanning the supply chain faster and efficient with less [12]. RFID is considered superior to barcodes human error. Figure 2.2.1 is a diagram of a typical because of their ability to track and monitor and RFID system; the tag is placed on an item such as, improved efficiency of its incoming goods and the pallet (hold many boxes), a box (holds many inventory processes. It is also significant time items), or a single item. After the tag is placed on savings in the incoming goods receiving process an item, the reader then transponds the information because employees no longer have to manually to the RFID software that then processes the count items or scan their bar codes to find out if an information into the communication network or order was complete. Once the RFID tags are database used by the supply chain partners [12]. applied, employees save significant time by no longer having to attach and detach electronic article RFID Systems and How It Works surveillance (EAS) security tags and take inventory. The RFID system then reads the EPC RFID works using radio waves, which means that it number encoded to the item's RFID tag, and is contactless and does not require a line of sight. removes it from the database. Wal-Mart is At its simplest, a RFID transponder is a tag encouraging all companies with which it does containing a silicon chip (the memory) mounted business to take advantage of its tagging, in order onto an antenna (the transmitter). This tag is fixed to improve their processes and services by to an item being tagged. This tag is scanned using implementing RFID read points in the supply an RFID reader (also called an interrogator), which chain, or at other points. sends energy to the transponder using radio waves. These waves power the transponder, which then RFID is a valuable technology for tracking transmits the information stored in its chip back to inventory in the supply chain. It can synchronize the reader for onward processing. The reader information and physical flow of goods across the transfers this data to various enterprise applications supply chain from manufacturers to retail outlets through specialized middleware, which also acts as and to the consumers at the right place at the right a reader controller and preliminary data filter and time. Likewise, RFID can track returned goods aggregator as delineated in figure 1 through the supply chain and prevent counterfeit. It 30 International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management 29th April 2014. Vol.24 No.1 © 2012 – 2014 JITBM & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2304-0777 www.jitbm.com Figure-1 RFID System and How It Works Benefits of RFID Today geographic technologies are moving into key business functions enabled by technologies RFID, with its ability to read data in tags attached such as RFID tags, embedded Global Positioning to items, cases, pallets or containers automatically, System (GPS) capabilities, and spatial analysis without manual intervention and irrespective of features in mainstream database management placement, orientation and at a high rate, is an ideal systems (DBMSs) [2]. The basic benefits that technology to enhance the visibility in the supply RFID brings to the supply chain are automated chain. Additionally, RFID enables each item to be real-time data capture related to product uniquely identified, allowing item level tracking to information, status information, location and increase the granularity in the supply chain. The environment status information. Thus, RFID data that can be stored in the tag can range from a provides a real-time view of how goods are moving simple item code to a complete manufacturing or through the supply chain, thereby dramatically distribution audit trail. This data can also be improving the supply chain visibility, and opening updated as the item progresses through the supply up opportunities for unprecedented gains in the chain. RFID technology gives benefits to operational efficiency for any organization distributors and retail stores using the technology connected to the supply chain.