Cosmic Times Teachers’ Guide Table of Contents Cosmic Times Teachers’ Guide ....................................................................................... 1 1919 Cosmic Times ........................................................................................................... 3 Summary of the 1919 Articles...................................................................................................4 Sun’s Gravity Bends Starlight .................................................................................................4 Sidebar: Why a Total Eclipse?.................................................................................................4 Mount Wilson Astronomer Estimates Milky Way Ten Times Bigger Than Thought ............4 Expanding or Contracting? ......................................................................................................4 In Their Own Words................................................................................................................4 Notes on the 1919 Articles .........................................................................................................5 Sun's Gravity Bends Starlight..................................................................................................5 Sidebar: Why a Total Eclipse?.................................................................................................7 Mount Wilson Astronomer Estimates Milky Way Ten Times Bigger Than Thought ............7 Expanding or Contracting? ......................................................................................................8 In Their Own Words................................................................................................................8 1929 Cosmic Times ......................................................................................................... 10 Andromeda Nebula Lies Outside Milky Way Galaxy...........................................................11 Universe is Expanding ...........................................................................................................11 “Great Debate” Resolved.......................................................................................................11 The Minds atop Mount Wilson..............................................................................................11 Classifying Nebulae...............................................................................................................11 In Their Own Words..............................................................................................................11 Notes on the 1929 Articles .......................................................................................................12 Andromeda Nebula Lies Outside Milky Way Galaxy...........................................................12 Universe is Expanding ...........................................................................................................14 Sidebar: "Great Debate" Resolved.........................................................................................17 The Minds atop Mount Wilson..............................................................................................18 Sidebar: Classifying Nebulae.................................................................................................19 1955 Cosmic Times ......................................................................................................... 24 ‘Yardsticks’ in Neighbor Galaxy Double Universe’s Size....................................................25 Origin of Everything..............................................................................................................25 Hoyle Scoffs at “Big Bang” Universe Theory.......................................................................25 Death of a Genius: Albert Einstein 1879 - 1955....................................................................25 It’s a Star! It’s a Nova! It’s Super-nova.................................................................................25 Radio ‘Ear’ on the Universe Being Built...............................................................................25 Notes on the 1955 Articles .......................................................................................................26 "Yardsticks" in Neighbor Galaxy Double Universe's Size....................................................26 Origin of Everything: Hot Bang or Ageless Universe? .........................................................27 Sidebar: Hoyle Scoffs at "Big Bang" Universe Theory.........................................................29 Death of a Genius: Albert Einstein 1879-1955......................................................................30 1 It's a Star! It's a Nova! It's Super-Nova! ................................................................................30 Radio 'Ear' on the Universe Being Built................................................................................31 1965 Cosmic Times ......................................................................................................... 33 Murmur of a Bang..................................................................................................................34 Big hiss missed by others.......................................................................................................34 Supernovae Leave Behind Cosmic X-ray Generators ...........................................................34 Quasars: Express Trains to the Netherworld .........................................................................34 Galaxies Still Misbehaving....................................................................................................34 Notes on the 1965 Articles .......................................................................................................35 Murmur of a Bang..................................................................................................................35 Big hiss missed by others.......................................................................................................37 Supernovae Leave Behind Cosmic X-ray Generators ...........................................................38 Quasars: Express Trains to the Netherworld .........................................................................41 Galaxies Still Misbehaving....................................................................................................42 1993 Cosmic Times ......................................................................................................... 45 Baby Universe’s 1st Picture....................................................................................................46 Pancake or Oatmeal Universe – What’s for Breakfast? ........................................................46 Inflation in the Universe ........................................................................................................46 Dark Matter Hunt Heats Up...................................................................................................46 Fool-Proofing Galactic ‘Candles’..........................................................................................46 Pulsar Gravitational Waves Win Nobel Prize........................................................................47 Notes on 1993 Articles..............................................................................................................48 Baby Universe's 1st Picture ....................................................................................................48 Sidebar: Pancake or Oatmeal Universe – What's for Breakfast?...........................................51 Inflation in the Universe ........................................................................................................51 Dark Matter Hunt Heats Up...................................................................................................57 Pulsar Gravitational Waves Win Nobel Prize........................................................................58 Fool-Proofing Galactic 'Candles' ...........................................................................................60 2006 Cosmic Times ......................................................................................................... 63 Notes on the 2006 Articles .......................................................................................................65 Faster Walk on the Dark Side ................................................................................................65 Seeds of Modern Universe.....................................................................................................70 Biggest Mystery: What is Dark Energy? ...............................................................................73 Sidebar: Sorting Out the Dark Stuff ......................................................................................74 'First Light' Wins Nobel.........................................................................................................75 Journey to Cosmos' Dark Heart .............................................................................................75 2 1919 Cosmic Times In this first edition of Cosmic Times, several concepts are introduced which will be revisited and built upon in future editions. The first concept is the idea of Einstein’s General Relativity and its first confirmation. In addition,