Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2020 Degradation of sulfamethazine, tetracycline, and tylosin in prairie strip soils and row crop soils Alyssa Iverson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Iverson, Alyssa, "Degradation of sulfamethazine, tetracycline, and tylosin in prairie strip soils and row crop soils" (2020). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 18150. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/18150 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Degradation of sulfamethazine, tetracycline, and tylosin in prairie strip soils and row crop soils by Alyssa N. Iverson A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering Program of Study Committee: Michelle L. Soupir, Major Professor Thomas B. Moorman Adina Howe The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2020 Copyright © Alyssa N. Iverson, 2020. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Goals and Objectives ................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Thesis Organization .................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 6 2.1 Antibiotic Use in Agriculture .................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Trends in Agricultural Antibiotics ........................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Veterinary Antibiotics and Classification ................................................................ 12 2.2 Resistance Development in the Environment ......................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Antibiotic and Resistance Occurrence in the Environment ..................................... 16 2.2.2 Antibiotic Persistence in the Environment .............................................................. 18 2.2.3 Field Application of Manure .................................................................................... 20 2.3 Vegetated Buffers and Antibiotics .......................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Vegetated Buffers as a Mitigation Strategy ............................................................. 23 2.3.2 Antibiotic Sorption in Soil ....................................................................................... 25 2.3.3 Antibiotic Degradation in Soil ................................................................................. 28 2.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 29 CHAPTER 3: DEGRADATION OF TETRACYCLINE, SULFAMETHAZINE, AND TYLOSIN IN PRAIRIE STRIP SOIL AND ROW CROP SOIL................................................. 31 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 32 3.2 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 35 3.2.1 Sampling Sites and Sample Collection .................................................................... 35 3.2.2 Experimental Design ................................................................................................ 37 3.2.3 ASE Extraction ........................................................................................................ 38 3.2.4 Solid Phase Extraction ............................................................................................. 38 iii 3.2.5 Analysis of Antibiotics (LC/MS) ............................................................................. 39 3.2.6 Extraction Recovery................................................................................................. 40 3.2.7 Within-Jar Variability .............................................................................................. 41 3.2.8 Degradation Kinetics ............................................................................................... 41 3.2.9 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................... 42 3.3 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 42 3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 52 3.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 54 3.6 Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................. 55 3.7 References ............................................................................................................................... 56 3.8 Appendix: Supplemental Information..................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS................................................................................ 74 4.1 General Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 74 4.2 Implications and Recommendation for Future Research ........................................................ 75 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 77 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Medically important antimicrobial drugs actively marketed for use in food- producing animals in 2018 from FDA-CVM 2018 Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals .................. 9 Table 2: Concentration (micrograms per kilogram) of selected antibiotics in manure and in soils 1 d after manure application (Source: Kim et al., 2011) .................................. 18 Table 3: Instrumental limits of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for sulfamethazine (SMZ), tetracycline (TET), and tylosin (TYL). .............................. 40 Table 4: Half-lives and rate constants (k) describing degradation of three antibiotics in cropped soils or in adjacent prairie strips soils at three sites in Iowa ....................... 47 Table 5: Physical and chemical properties of soils collected from the root zone of row crops and prairie strips from three locations in Central Iowa. ........................................... 49 Table A1: Optimized conditions for mass spectrometer quantification ....................................... 60 Table A2: Sulfamethazine, tetracycline, and tylosin concentrations in un-spiked soil samples ..................................................................................................................... 61 Table A3: Day 0 INHF samples, analyzed in triplicate to compare within-jar variability to between-sample variability ....................................................................................... 64 Table A4: Sulfamethazine, tetracyline, and tylosin concentrations in spiked soil samples ......... 65 Table A5: Mehlich extractable ions .............................................................................................. 68 Table A6: Particulate Organic Matter (POM) Measurements .....................................................