National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Cowpens National Battlefield Washington Light Infantry Monument Cowpens National Battlefield Historic Structure Report Cultural Resources, Partnerships, and Science Division Southeast Region Washington Light Infantry Monument Cowpens National Battlefi eld Historic Structure Report November 2018 Prepared by: WLA Studio RATIO Architects Under the direction of National Park Service Southeast Regional Offi ce Cultural Resources, Partnerships, & Science Division The report presented here exists in two formats. A printed version is available for study at the park, the Southeastern Regional Offi ce of the National Park Service, and at a variety of other repositories. For more widespread access, this report also exists in a web-based format through ParkNet, the website of the National Park Service. Please visit www.nps. gov for more information. Cultural Resources, Partnerships, & Science Division Southeast Regional Offi ce National Park Service 100 Alabama Street, SW Atlanta, Georgia 30303 (404)507-5847 Cowpens National Battlefi eld 338 New Pleasant Road Gaffney, SC 29341 www.nps.gov/cowp About the cover: View of Washington Light Infantry Monument, 2017. Washington Light Infantry Monument Cowpens National Battlefield Historic Structure Report Superintendent, Recommended By : Recommended By : Date Approved By : Regional Director, Date Southeast Region Page intentionally left blank. Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................ xiii Management Summary ....................................................................................................................................1 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................2 Purpose and Scope ......................................................................................................................................2 Historical Overview ......................................................................................................................................2 Statement of Significance ............................................................................................................................4 Project Methodology ...................................................................................................................................4 Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................................................4 Administrative Data ............................................................................................................................................5 Locational Data ...........................................................................................................................................5 Related NPS Studies.....................................................................................................................................5 Real Property Information ............................................................................................................................5 Size Information ..........................................................................................................................................5 Cultural Resource Data ................................................................................................................................6 Proposed Treatment ............................................................................................................................................6 I.A Historical Background and Context ...................................................................................................9 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................9 The Early Cowpens Landscape ....................................................................................................................... 10 American Indian Influence ........................................................................................................................ 10 Cow Pens ................................................................................................................................................ 10 The Battle of Cowpens .................................................................................................................................... 11 Use of the Landscape ............................................................................................................................... 12 Significance .............................................................................................................................................. 13 The Settlement of Cowpens ........................................................................................................................... 13 Early Settlers: Scruggs and Ezell Families .................................................................................................. 13 Agriculture, Settlement Patterns, and Land Use ........................................................................................ 14 Early Commemoration ................................................................................................................................... 15 The Washington Light Infantry Monument ............................................................................................... 16 Cowpens Boosters.................................................................................................................................... 17 Federal Government Commemoration ......................................................................................................... 17 Cowpens National Battlefield Site ............................................................................................................. 19 Efforts to Expand ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Park Establishment and Development ........................................................................................................... 20 Landscape Restoration ............................................................................................................................. 21 Bicentennial Development ........................................................................................................................ 21 I.B Chronology of Development and Use ........................................................................................... 23 1856 Design & Preparations ........................................................................................................................... 23 1856-1857 Construction ............................................................................................................................... 24 National Park Service v 1858-1928 Vandalism & Neglect ................................................................................................................... 30 1929-2016 Deterioration & Repairs .............................................................................................................. 35 I.C Physical Description and Condition Assessment ..................................................................... 45 Site..................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Washington Light Infantry Monument .......................................................................................................... 45 Stone Wall & Iron Fence ................................................................................................................................. 49 I.D Evaluation of Significance .................................................................................................................... 53 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 Architecture ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 Construction Materials ................................................................................................................................... 57 Revolutionary War Battle Monuments ........................................................................................................... 58 II Treatment and Use ....................................................................................................................................... 63 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 63 Laws, Regulations, and Functional Requirements ...................................................................................... 63 Recommended Ultimate Treatment ............................................................................................................... 63 Restoration of the monument to