The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States: International and Domestic Trends Author(s): Janice G. Raymond Ph.D., Donna M Hughes Ph.D. Document No.: 187774 Date Received: April 17, 2001 Award Number: 98-WT-VX-0032 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. SEX TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC TRENDS Co- P r in ci pa I Inves t ig ato rs Janice G. Raymond, PhD University of Massachusetts, Amherst Donna M. Hughes, PhD University of Rhode Island Project Coordinator Carol J. Gomez, BA March 2001 Eate: Coalition Against Trafficking in Women This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. CONTENTS CONTENTS.......................................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 5 Research Aims and Methods .............................................................................................................. 5 Major Findings .................................................................................................................................. 6 Recommendationsfor Change ......................................................................................................... IO . INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................. 14 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 14 DeJining the Problem ........................................................................................................................ 21 Dejnitions of TrafJicking .................................................................................................................. 22 RESEARCH AIMS AND METHODS ............................................................................................. 24 Research Aims .................................................................................................................................. 24 Research Methods ............................................................................................................................ 24 OPERATION OF THE SEX INDUSTRY ....................................................................................... 30 The Northeast ................................................................................................................................... 30 Metro New York ............................................................................................................................... 31 Northern Midwest - Minnesota ........................................................................................................ 34 Southeast .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Metro San Francisco ........................................................................................................................ 36 Indicators of TrafJicking .................................................................................................................. 37 BACKGROUND OF WOMEN IN THE SEX INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES ........... 39 Racial and National Identity of Women Based on Men’s Writings ................................................. 39 Background of International and US. Women Interviewed ............................................................. 41 Background of Other Exploited Women ........................................................................................... 41 English-Language Proficiency ......................................................................................................... 42 Women s Age at Interview and at Entrance into the Sex IndzLst ry ................................................... 42 Education and Work Experience...................................................................................................... 43 Entry into the United States ............................................................................................................. 43 1 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Prior Involvement in the Sex Industry in Other Countries .............................................................. 44 Past Physical. Sexual and Emotional Abuse .................................................................................... 44 RECRUITERS. TRAFFICKERS AND PIMPS .............................................................................. 46 Background of Recruiters. Traflckers and Pimps ........................................................................... 47 Involvement in Other Criminal Activity ........................................................................................... 47 Involvement with Legitimate Businesses .......................................................................................... 48 METHODS OF RECRUITMENT ................................................................................................... 49 .. .. Factors Facilitating Recruitment ..... ............................................................................................... 49 Means of Recruitment ...................................................................................................................... 49 Money and Debt ............................................................................................................................... 51 METHODS OF MOVEMENT ......................................................................................................... 52 Domestic Trafficking........................................................................................................................ 52 Entry Points for International Women............................................................................................. 53 Traflcking Routes Inside the United States ..................................................................................... 54 METHODS OF INITIATION ........................................................................................................... 55 Violence ........................................................................................................................................... 55 Pornography and Stripping ............................................................................................................. 55 METHODS OF CONTROL .............................................................................................................. 57 Lack of Freedom .............................................................................................................................. 57 Control of Money .... .................................................................................................................... 58 Forms and Frequency of Violence Against Women......................................................................... 58 Violencefor Sexual GratiJication and Punishment ............................ .................................... 61 Violence and Intimidation ................................................................................................................ 62 Drugs andAlcoho1 ........................................................................................................................... 63 Pornography ..................... ........................................................................................................... 63 Isolation ........................................................................................................................................... 64 Violence Against Other Exploited Women....................................................................................... 65 MEN WHO BUY WOMEN FOR PROSTITUTION ..................................................................... 67 Background of Buyers ...................................................................................................................... 67 Age and Occupations of Buyers ....................................................................................................... 68 2 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and