ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALLHOLDER BEEF CATTLE FARMING IN FARMING CATTLE SMALLHOLDER BEEF OF SUSTAINABILITY OF ASPECTS SEMARANG REGENCY, CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA PROVINCE, JAVA CENTRAL REGENCY, SEMARANG During her PhD study, Siwi Gayatri explored the situation of smallholder beef cattle farming in Indonesia, and on basis of this to discusses aspects of sustainability and the implementation of the policy of the so- ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALLHOLDER called Beef Self-Sufficiency Program (BSSP). The participatory approach, to create the right conditions for BEEF CATTLE FARMING IN SEMARANG REGENCY, sustainable farming practices based on locally available resources and on local skills and knowledge, was emphasised. The results of the study can be used as a first step to introduce and to motivate a sustainability CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA concept not only for farmers in the beef cattle farming sector but also for Indonesian citizens. Interdisci- plinary research is required to better understand the sustainability concept in the Indonesian beef cattle farming system, e.g. a combination of social science and animal science as important components in the SIWI GAYATRI sustainable development of the livestock farming system. PhD THESIS · SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY · 2016 SIWI GAYATRI • PHD THESIS 2016 SIWI GAYATRI ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALLHOLDER BEEF CATTLE FARMING IN SEMARANG REGENCY, CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE, INDONESIA SIWI GAYATRI PhD THESIS · SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY · 2016 Department of Science and Technology Aarhus University Blichers Allé 20 8830 Tjele Denmark Tryk: www.digisource.dk ISBN: 978-87-93148-16-1 Aspects of Sustainability of Smallholder Beef Cattle Farming in Semarang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia PhD thesis by Siwi Gayatri Supervisor Mette Vaarst, Senior Scientist, Department of Animal Science, Faculty Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark Assessment committees: Dr. David Gibbon, Education for Sustainability, London Southbank University, London, UK. Dr. Novie Setianto, University of Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia Dr. Mogens Vestergaard, Head of Research Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark Preface The thesis entitled ’’Aspects of Sustainability of Smallholder Beef Cattle Farming in Semarang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia’’ was conducted from September 2012 to November 2015. The data gathering was carried out in Semarang regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia, while the data analysis and writing part were carried out at the Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, where I have been part of the section Epidemiology and management. The PhD project was funded by the Graduate School of Science and Technology of Aarhus University and the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia. The PhD project resulted in four research papers: Paper 1, ’’The implementation of Indonesia’s beef self-sufficiency programme (BSSP) as seen from a farmer family perspective’’, has been published in the Journal of Rural and Community Development, 10(2), 166-186. Paper 2, Bridging Expectations: ’’Extension Agents’ Perception of a Gap between Expectations and Experience when Implementing the Indonesian Beef Self-Sufficiency Programme’’, has been submitted to the International Journal of Agricultural Extension. Paper 3, ’’Assessing Sustainability of Smallholder Beef Cattle Farming in Indonesia: A case study using the FAO SAFA Framework’’, is planned to be submitted to the Journal of Agronomy and Sustainable Development. Paper 4, ’’Indonesian Smallholder Beef Producers’ Perception of Sustainability and Their Reactions to the Results of an Assessment Using the Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture System developed by the UN FAO – A Case study Based on Focus Group Discussions’’, has been submitted to the Journal of Rural and Community Development. 2 Acknowledgements Many people have contributed to the completion of my PhD study, although some may not have realized it at the time. My journey required guidance and assistance from many people, and I have been grateful to you all throughout the process of my PhD study. First, the opportunity to pursue my study must be credited to my supervisor, senior Scientist Mette Vaarst. I took this journey with your help and support, and I do hope that I have made you proud. Mette, thank you for your valuable critique, comments, guidance, sharing knowledge and experience, and friendship. It is also your patience and trust that made me believe that I can complete my PhD study. It is a pleasure working with you. Thank you, professor Jan Tind Sørensen, for the valuable supports as the head of the section Epidemiology and Management and the head of the PhD Program. I want to thank Aarhus University and the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia for financing the study. I would like to thank all farmers and extension agents in Semarang regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia, for their excellent contribution to my study. I want to thank Livestock and Fishery Office Semarang Regency (Dinas Peternakan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Semarang) and Livestock and Animal Health Office Central Java Province (Dinas Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan Provinsi Jawa Tengah) and Department of Animal Science and Agriculture, Diponegoro University for contribution, assistance, and valuable information. Several people have assisted me in many ways since set up the study until writing process. I would like to acknowledge the contributions: Associate Professor Michael Eilenberg, from Department of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, for discussions and scientific supports to set up my PhD study. Senior Scientist Chris Kjeldsen, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, for assistance in analyzing data in Transana software program. Senior Scientist Egon Noe, Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, for valuable supports in developing my qualitative study. Associate Professor Budi Guntoro, Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia, for scientific idea and contribution during preparation of data gathering. 3 Associate Professor John Howells, Department of Business Administration, Aarhus University, for explanation and discussion on analyzing qualitative research and answering my emails on Grounded Research Theory. Thank you, Vicent Gasso-tortajada, for valuable supports and knowledge experience on sustainable assessment. My sincere thanks to my colleagues in the group of Epidemiology and Management, AU Foulum for scientific support and social support. Mette Holme for always being helpful with all kinds of problems during my PhD and for motivating me to learn ’’Dansk ’’. Thank you, Lotte Hansen, for English proofreading of the thesis. Thank you, Inger Anneberg and Anna Braad Kudahl, for inspiration and encourament to my project. Thank you, Anna Feldberg Marsbøll and Lena Karina Hinrichsen, for valuable discussions, friendship, and spending the time to give comments on my thesis. Special thanks to my officemate, Britt I. F. Henriksen; you are extremely kind and generous and have encouraged me with ’’Yes, I Can’’ motivation and mental support. Despite the challenges, Denmark is a place that I can call home. I am thankful to all friends in Nørresø Kollegiet and friends in AU Foulum for making my life more colorful. Special thanks to Ole Jørgensen, Nuzul Widyas, Yi Peng, Mai Anh Ton Nu, Emmanuel Arthur and family, Beatriz; thank you for your love, understanding, and support. You guys have supported me during my ups and down. Thank you to my friends and family in Indonesia for their support in my difficult times. My unconditional love goes to my siblings, Hesti and Aji, and brother in law and nephew. My everlasting love and sincere thanks to my parent who have allowed me to ’’fly’’ and to explore my world. I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Wartiyem and Sriyatno. You are my strength, and because of you, I had the courage to achieve my dream. 4 List of Abbreviations BSSP Beef Self Sufficiency Program COSA Comity on Sustainable Assessment Tools DGLS Directorate General for Livestock and Veterinary Services IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources FAO Food and Agriculture Organization KUPS Kredit Usaha Pembibitan Sapi, KUPS (Credit for Cattle Breeding) LP3 Lembaga Mandiri yang Mengakar di Masyarakat, LM3 (Independent Community-Based Institutions) RISE Response-Inducing Sustainability Evaluation SAFA Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems SMD Sarjana Membangun Desa, SMD (Graduates Support Farmers) WCED World Commission on Environment and Development 5 Table of contents Summary ................................................................................................................................ 7 Sammendrag (Danish) ......................................................................................................... 10 Kesimpulan (Indonesian) .................................................................................................... 13 List of Included Papers......................................................................................................... 16 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 17 1.1. The Indonesian Beef Cattle Farming Situation ........................................................................