Nordic Societal Security This book compares and contrasts publicly espoused security concepts in the Nordic region, and explores the notion of ‘societal security’. Outside observers often assume that Nordic countries take similar ap- proaches to the security and safety of their citizens. This book challenges that assumption and traces the evolution of societal security, and its broadly equivalent concepts, in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland. The no- tion of societal security is deconstructed and analysed in terms of its differ- ent meanings and implications for each country, through both country- and issue-focused studies. Each chapter traces the evolution of key security con- cepts and related practices, allowing for a comparison of similarities and differences between these four countries. Using discourses and practices as evidence, this is the first book to explore how different Nordic nations have conceptualised domestic security over time. The findings will be valuable to scholars from across the geographical and theoretical spectrum, while highlighting how Nordic security discourses and practices may deviate from traditional assumptions about Nordic values. This book will be of much interest to students of security studies, Nordic politics, and International Relations. Sebastian Larsson is a Researcher and Teaching Fellow in International Re- lations at Stockholm University, Sweden. Mark Rhinard is Professor of International Relations at Stockholm Univer- sity and Senior Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs. Routledge New Security Studies J. Peter Burgess, École Normale Superieur (ENS), Paris The aim of this book series is to gather state-of-the-art theoretical reflection and empirical research into a core set of volumes that respond vigorously and dynamically to new challenges to security studies scholarship. Routledge New Security Studies is a continuation of the PRIO New Security Studies series. Privacy and Identity in a Networked Society Refining Privacy Impact Assessment Stefan Strauß Energy Security Logics in Europe Threat, Risk or Emancipation? Izabela Surwillo Crypto-Politics Encryption and Democratic Practices in the Digital Era Linda Monsees Negotiating Intractable Conflicts Readiness Theory Revisited Amira Schiff Standardization and Risk Governance A Multi-Disciplinary Approach Edited by Odd Einar Olsen, Kirsten Juhl, Preben Lindøe and Ole Andreas Engen Nordic Societal Security Convergence and Divergence Edited by Sebastian Larsson and Mark Rhinard For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge. com/Routledge-New-Security-Studies/book-series/RNSS Nordic Societal Security Convergence and Divergence Edited by Sebastian Larsson and Mark Rhinard LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Sebastian Larsson and Mark Rhinard; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Sebastian Larsson and Mark Rhinard to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www. taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-49292-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-04553-3 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by codeMantra Contents List of tables vii List of contributors ix Acknowledgements xi PART I Introduction 1 1 Introduction: comparing and conceptualising Nordic societal security 3 SEBASTIAN LARSSON AND MARK RHINARD 2 Societal security in theory and practice 22 MARK RHINARD PART II Nordic cases 43 3 Swedish total defence and the emergence of societal security 45 SEBASTIAN LARSSON 4 The emergence and development of samfunnssikkerhet in Norway 68 CLAUDIA MORSUT 5 Tracing the Finnish Comprehensive Security Model 91 VESA VALTONEN AND MINNA BRANDERS 6 Conceptual and practical changes to security in Denmark: expect the unexpected, decide the undecidable 109 TOBIAS LIEBETRAU vi Contents PART III Issues and processes 129 7 Designing resilience for security in the Nordic region: implications for strategy 131 TRINE VILLUMSEN BERLING AND KAREN LUND PETERSEN 8 From “spiritual defence” to robust resilience in the Finnish comprehensive security model 154 ARI-ELMERI HYVÖNEN AND TAPIO JUNTUNEN 9 Countering radicalisation in Norwegian terrorism policy: a welfare state approach to societal security 179 SISSEL H. JORE 10 Threats, risks, and the (re)turn to territorial security policies in Sweden 199 JONATAN STIGLUND PART IV Conclusions 223 11 Conclusion: convergence and divergence in Nordic societal securities 225 SEBASTIAN LARSSON AND MARK RHINARD 12 Epilogue: security without society? 235 J. PETER BURGESS Index 251 Tables 4.1 Summary of samfunnssikkerhet definitions in policy documents 81 6.1 The logics of the warrior and the administrator 121 7.1 Authorities included in the analysis 134 9.1 Protective factors and risk factors on the individual level 186 9.2 Possible signs of concern 187 10.1 Different security logics and their characteristics 205 10.2 Threats and risks in Swedish security discourse 1996–1999 208 10.3 Threats and risks in Swedish security discourse 2001–2009 210 Contributors Trine Villumsen Berling is Associate Professor at the Centre for Advanced Security Theory (CAST), University of Copenhagen. Her research inter- ests include energy security, the sociology of expert knowledge, and the science/policy nexus. Publications include ‘Stabilising crises’ (2018, book chapter in Assembling Exclusive Expertise: Knowledge, Ignorance and Conflict Resolution in the Global South, edited by Anna Leander and Ole Wæver, Routledge), ‘Expertise in the age of post-factual politics: An out- line of reflexive strategies’ (2017,Geoforum , with Christian Büger), The International Political Sociology of Security: Rethinking Theory and Prac- tice (2015, Routledge), Security Expertise: Practice, Power, Responsibility (2015, PRIO New Security Studies, with Christian Büger). Minna Branders works in the Finnish Defence Forces (National Defence University) as a Senior Researcher on comprehensive security, develop- ment, strategic analysis, and foresight. She was previously a postdoctoral researcher, and earned her PhD at the University of Tampere. J. Peter Burgess is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Chair in Geopolitics of Risk at the Ecole Normale Supérieure, and Research Pro- fessor in the Research Group on Law, Science, Technology and Society (LSTS) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Ari-Elmeri Hyvönen is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Jyväskylä and a Research Fellow at the University of Verona. His re- search focuses on political theory and contemporary world politics, espe- cially post-truth, resilience, and the Anthropocene. He has published in journals such as Political Theory, Resilience, European Journal of Social Theory, and New Perspectives. Sissel H. Jore is Associate Professor in Societal Safety and Risk Manage- ment at the University of Stavanger. She has published widely on the top- ics of terrorism, counterterrorism, and security risk management, risk perception, conceptualisations of risk, discourse analysis, critical terror- ism studies, terrorism emergency preparedness, and crisis management. Tapio Juntunen is a University Instructor and pedagogical coordinator at Tampere University. His research focuses on Finnish foreign policy, x Contributors resilience politics, nuclear weapons politics and arms control, and has published in journals such as Resilience, New Perspectives, and Politiikka. Sebastian Larsson is a Researcher and Teaching Fellow in International Re- lations at Stockholm University. During his PhD studies at King’s College London, he studied the transforming field of security and defence in post- Cold War Sweden. He was an associated researcher of the NordSTEVA and SOURCE (EU FP7) projects on the emergence of societal security in the EU and Nordic region. His current research explores security technologies, intelligence, and arms export. Among his recent publications are 'The civil paradox: Swedish arms production and export and the role of emerging technologies’ (2020, International Journal of Migration and Border Studies). Tobias Liebetrau is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Centre for Military Studies, Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen. His research interests include cybersecurity policy and governance, EU digi- tal and cyber politics, and strategic studies. Karen Lund Petersen is Professor (with special responsibilities) at the University of Copenhagen and Director of the Centre for Advanced Security Theory (CAST). Her primary research interests are security and risk governance, with a particular focus on political risk, corporate security management, and intelligence. As member of the so-called Copenhagen