Deliverable D6 How to enhance WALking and CYcliNG instead of shorter car trips and to make these modes safer Public WALCYNG Contract No: UR-96-SC.099 Project Coordinator: Department of Traffic Planning and Engineering, University of Lund, Sweden Partners: FACTUM Chaloupka, Praschl & Risser OHG Franco Gnavi and Carlo Bonanni City of Helsinki, City Planning Office Institute of Transport Economics Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki Instituto de Tráfico y Seguridad Vial (INTRAS), University of Valencia TransportTechnologie-Consult Karlsruhe GmbH Dutch Pedestrian Association "De Voetgangersvereniging" Chalmers University of Technology AB (Associated Contractor) Date: 15.1.1999 PROJECT FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION UNDER THE TRANSPORT RTD PROGRAMME OF THE 4th FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Deliverable D6 WALCYNG How to enhance WALking and CYcliNG instead of shorter car trips and to make these modes safer Public Hydén, C., Nilsson, A. & Risser, R. Department of Traffic Planning and Engineering, University of Lund, Sweden & FACTUM Chaloupka, Praschl & Risser OHG, Vienna, Austria 6. Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Liisa Hakamies-Blomqvist, Finland 7. INTRAS, University of Valencia, Enrique J. Carbonell Vayá, Beatriz Martín, Spain 8. Transport Technologie-Consult Karlsruhe GmbH (former Verkehrs-Consult Karlsruhe), Rainer Schneider, Germany 9. De Voetgangersvereniging, Willem Vermeulen, The Netherlands 10. Road and Traffic Planning Department, Chalmers University of Technology AB, Olof Gunnarsson, Sweden TABLE OF CONTENTS NOTATIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. I 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 2 THE SCOPE .................................................................................................................3 2.1 THE MARKETING MODEL THAT WE HAVE SELECTED .........................................................3 2.2 WHICH GROUPS ARE WE ADDRESSING WITH OUR WORK? .................................................4 3 THE CONCEPT..........................................................................................................7 4 PORTIONS OF SHORT CAR TRIPS AND TRIPS BY WALKING AND CYCLING...................................................................................................................11 4.1 AIM .............................................................................................................................11 4.2 PROBLEMS COMPARING DATA FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES..........................................12 4.3 THERE IS A LIMIT TO HOW FAR PEOPLE WILL WALK OR CYCLE ........................................12 4.4 PEOPLE MAKE THREE TRIPS PER DAY.............................................................................13 4.5 WALKING AND CYCLING IS OFTEN DONE AS A PURPOSE IN ITSELF...................................14 4.6 WOMEN WALK MORE THAN MEN...................................................................................15 4.7 PEOPLE WORKING PART-TIME MAKE MOST TRIPS ...........................................................15 4.8 THE LARGER THE CITY, THE MORE PEOPLE WALK...........................................................16 4.9 TRIP CHAINS CANNOT EXPLAIN THE USE OF CARS FOR SHORT TRIPS................................16 4.10 THE POTENTIAL FOR WALKING AND CYCLING IS CONSIDERABLE.....................................16 4.11 SYNTHESIS...................................................................................................................17 4.12 INPUT FOR THE WALCYNG QUALITY SCHEME (WQS)....................................................18 5 PRODUCTS AND EFFORTS FOR PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS..................19 5.1 AIM .............................................................................................................................19 5.2 METHODS ....................................................................................................................19 5.3 OVERVIEW OF RESULTS ................................................................................................20 Personal products .......................................................................................................20 Vehicle products..........................................................................................................20 Road and infrastructure ..............................................................................................20 Society ........................................................................................................................20 5.4 DETAILED RESULTS AND COMMENTS.............................................................................21 Personal products .......................................................................................................21 Vehicle products..........................................................................................................22 Road and infrastructure ..............................................................................................22 Society ........................................................................................................................24 5.5 SYNTHESIS...................................................................................................................25 5.6 INPUT FOR THE WALCYNG QUALITY SCHEME (WQS)....................................................26 6 GENERAL PROBLEMS OF PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS............................27 6.1 AIM .............................................................................................................................27 6.2 METHOD......................................................................................................................27 6.3 DATA ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................28 6.4 QUALITY DIMENSIONS .................................................................................................28 Social Values...............................................................................................................28 Health .........................................................................................................................28 Comfort.......................................................................................................................28 Weather.......................................................................................................................29 Safety ..........................................................................................................................29 Mobility ......................................................................................................................29 Aesthetics....................................................................................................................29 Financial Advantage ...................................................................................................29 6.5 SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF SOME SUBGROUPS .....................................................................30 Habitual car drivers....................................................................................................30 Women ........................................................................................................................30 The Elderly .................................................................................................................30 The Functionally disabled ...........................................................................................31 6.6 CONCLUSIONS..............................................................................................................31 6.7 SYNTHESIS...................................................................................................................31 6.8 INPUT FOR THE WALCYNG QUALITY SCHEME (WQS)....................................................32 7 SAFETY PROBLEMS ...............................................................................................33 7.1 AIM .............................................................................................................................33 7.2 METHOD......................................................................................................................33 7.3 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................33 Theme 1: Rare events are dangerous...........................................................................34 Theme 2: It must be accepted that pedestrians do make mistakes.................................35 Theme 3: Car drivers are not afraid of cyclists............................................................37 7.4 RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................................38 7.5 SYNTHESIS...................................................................................................................38 7.6 INPUT FOR THE WALCYNG QUALITY SCHEME (WQS)....................................................39 8 TYPOLOGIES OF PRODUCTS AND STRATEGIES ............................................41 8.1 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................41 8.2 HABITUAL CAR DRIVERS .............................................................................................43