National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Potential health effects MCL or TT1 Common sources of contaminant in Public Health Contaminant from long-term3 exposure (mg/L)2 drinking water Goal (mg/L)2 above the MCL Nervous system or blood Added to water during sewage/ Acrylamide TT4 problems; increased risk of cancer wastewater treatment zero Eye, liver, kidney, or spleen Runoff from herbicide used on row Alachlor 0.002 problems; anemia; increased risk crops zero of cancer Erosion of natural deposits of certain 15 picocuries Alpha/photon minerals that are radioactive and per Liter Increased risk of cancer emitters may emit a form of radiation known zero (pCi/L) as alpha radiation Discharge from petroleum refineries; Increase in blood cholesterol; Antimony 0.006 fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; decrease in blood sugar 0.006 solder Skin damage or problems with Erosion of natural deposits; runoff Arsenic 0.010 circulatory systems, and may have from orchards; runoff from glass & 0 increased risk of getting cancer electronics production wastes Asbestos 7 million Increased risk of developing Decay of asbestos cement in water (fibers >10 fibers per Liter benign intestinal polyps mains; erosion of natural deposits 7 MFL micrometers) (MFL) Cardiovascular system or Runoff from herbicide used on row Atrazine 0.003 reproductive problems crops 0.003 Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge Barium 2 Increase in blood pressure from metal refineries; erosion 2 of natural deposits Anemia; decrease in blood Discharge from factories; leaching Benzene 0.005 platelets; increased risk of cancer from gas storage tanks and landfills zero Benzo(a)pyrene Reproductive difficulties; Leaching from linings of water storage 0.0002 (PAHs) increased risk of cancer tanks and distribution lines zero Discharge from metal refineries and coal-burning factories; discharge Beryllium 0.004 Intestinal lesions from electrical, aerospace, and 0.004 defense industries Decay of natural and man-made deposits of certain minerals that are Beta photon 4 millirems Increased risk of cancer radioactive and may emit forms of emitters per year zero radiation known as photons and beta radiation Byproduct of drinking water Bromate 0.010 Increased risk of cancer disinfection zero Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of natural deposits; discharge Cadmium 0.005 Kidney damage from metal refineries; runoff from 0.005 waste batteries and paints Problems with blood, nervous Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice Carbofuran 0.04 system, or reproductive system and alfalfa 0.04 LEGEND DISINFECTANT DISINFECTION INORGANIC MICROORGANISM ORGANIC RADIONUCLIDES BYPRODUCT CHEMICAL CHEMICAL National Primary Drinking Water Regulations EPA 816-F-09-004 | MAY 2009 Potential health effects MCL or TT1 Common sources of contaminant Public Health Contaminant from long-term3 exposure (mg/L)2 in drinking water Goal (mg/L)2 above the MCL Carbon Liver problems; increased risk of Discharge from chemical plants and 0.005 tetrachloride cancer other industrial activities zero Chloramines Eye/nose irritation; stomach Water additive used to control MRDL=4.01 MRDLG=41 (as Cl2) discomfort; anemia microbes Liver or nervous system problems; Chlordane 0.002 Residue of banned termiticide increased risk of cancer zero Chlorine Eye/nose irritation; stomach Water additive used to control MRDL=4.01 MRDLG=41 (as Cl2) discomfort microbes Anemia; infants, young children, Chlorine dioxide Water additive used to control MRDL=0.81 and fetuses of pregnant women: 1 (as ClO ) microbes MRDLG=0.8 2 nervous system effects Anemia; infants, young children, Byproduct of drinking water Chlorite 1.0 and fetuses of pregnant women: disinfection 0.8 nervous system effects Discharge from chemical and Chlorobenzene 0.1 Liver or kidney problems agricultural chemical factories 0.1 Discharge from steel and pulp mills; Chromium (total) 0.1 Allergic dermatitis erosion of natural deposits 0.1 Short-term exposure: Gastrointestinal distress. Long- term exposure: Liver or kidney TT5; Action damage. People with Wilson’s Corrosion of household plumbing Copper Level=1.3 Disease should consult their systems; erosion of natural deposits 1.3 personal doctor if the amount of copper in their water exceeds the action level Short-term exposure: Cryptosporidium TT7 Gastrointestinal illness (e.g., Human and animal fecal waste zero diarrhea, vomiting, cramps) Discharge from steel/metal Cyanide Nerve damage or thyroid 0.2 factories; discharge from plastic and (as free cyanide) problems 0.2 fertilizer factories Kidney, liver, or adrenal gland Runoff from herbicide used on row 2,4-D 0.07 problems crops 0.07 Runoff from herbicide used on Dalapon 0.2 Minor kidney changes rights of way 0.2 1,2-Dibromo-3- Runoff/leaching from soil fumigant Reproductive difficulties; chloropropane 0.0002 used on soybeans, cotton, increased risk of cancer zero (DBCP) pineapples, and orchards Liver, kidney, or circulatory system Discharge from industrial chemical o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6 problems factories 0.6 Anemia; liver, kidney, or spleen Discharge from industrial chemical p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 damage; changes in blood factories 0.075 Discharge from industrial chemical 1,2-Dichloroethane 0.005 Increased risk of cancer factories zero LEGEND DISINFECTANT DISINFECTION INORGANIC MICROORGANISM ORGANIC RADIONUCLIDES BYPRODUCT CHEMICAL CHEMICAL National Primary Drinking Water Regulations EPA 816-F-09-004 | MAY 2009 Potential health effects MCL or TT1 Common sources of Public Health Contaminant from long-term3 exposure (mg/L)2 contaminant in drinking water Goal (mg/L)2 above the MCL Discharge from industrial 1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.007 Liver problems chemical factories 0.007 cis-1,2- Discharge from industrial 0.07 Liver problems Dichloroethylene chemical factories 0.07 trans-1,2, Discharge from industrial 0.1 Liver problems Dichloroethylene chemical factories 0.1 Liver problems; increased risk of Discharge from industrial Dichloromethane 0.005 cancer chemical factories zero Discharge from industrial 1,2-Dichloropropane 0.005 Increased risk of cancer chemical factories zero Di(2-ethylhexyl) Weight loss, liver problems, or Discharge from chemical 0.4 adipate possible reproductive difficulties factories 0.4 Di(2-ethylhexyl) Reproductive difficulties; liver Discharge from rubber and 0.006 phthalate problems; increased risk of cancer chemical factories zero Runoff from herbicide used on Dinoseb 0.007 Reproductive difficulties soybeans and vegetables 0.007 Emissions from waste Reproductive difficulties; increased incineration and other Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) 0.00000003 risk of cancer combustion; discharge from zero chemical factories Diquat 0.02 Cataracts Runoff from herbicide use 0.02 Endothall 0.1 Stomach and intestinal problems Runoff from herbicide use 0.1 Endrin 0.002 Liver problems Residue of banned insecticide 0.002 Discharge from industrial Increased cancer risk; stomach chemical factories; an impurity Epichlorohydrin TT4 problems of some water treatment zero chemicals Discharge from petroleum Ethylbenzene 0.7 Liver or kidney problems refineries 0.7 Problems with liver, stomach, Discharge from petroleum Ethylene dibromide 0.00005 reproductive system, or kidneys; refineries zero increased risk of cancer Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes may cause Fecal coliform and MCL6 short term effects, such as diarrhea, Human and animal fecal waste 6 E. coli zero cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, and people with severely compromised immune systems. LEGEND DISINFECTANT DISINFECTION INORGANIC MICROORGANISM ORGANIC RADIONUCLIDES BYPRODUCT CHEMICAL CHEMICAL National Primary Drinking Water Regulations EPA 816-F-09-004 | MAY 2009 Potential health effects MCL or TT1 Common sources of contaminant Public Health Contaminant from long-term3 exposure (mg/L)2 in drinking water Goal (mg/L)2 above the MCL Water additive which promotes Bone disease (pain and strong teeth; erosion of natural Fluoride 4.0 tenderness of the bones); children deposits; discharge from fertilizer 4.0 may get mottled teeth and aluminum factories Short-term exposure: Giardia lamblia TT7 Gastrointestinal illness (e.g., Human and animal fecal waste zero diarrhea, vomiting, cramps) Kidney problems; reproductive Glyphosate 0.7 Runoff from herbicide use difficulties 0.7 Haloacetic acids Byproduct of drinking water 0.060 Increased risk of cancer 9 (HAA5) disinfection n/a Liver damage; increased risk of Heptachlor 0.0004 Residue of banned termiticide cancer zero Liver damage; increased risk of Heptachlor epoxide 0.0002 Breakdown of heptachlor cancer zero HPC has no health effects; it is an analytic method used to measure the variety of bacteria that are HPC measures a range of bacteria Heterotrophic plate TT7 common in water. The lower that are naturally present in the count (HPC) n/a the concentration of bacteria environment in drinking water, the better maintained the water system is. Liver or kidney problems; Discharge from metal refineries Hexachlorobenzene 0.001 reproductive difficulties; increased and agricultural chemical factories zero risk of cancer Hexachloro- 0.05 Kidney or stomach problems Discharge from chemical factories cyclopentadiene 0.05 Infants and children: Delays in physical or mental development; TT5; Action children could show slight deficits Corrosion of household plumbing Lead Level=0.015 in attention span and learning systems;