TemaNord 2015:562 TemaNord TemaNord 2015:562 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Social entrepreneurship and social innovation Social entrepreneurship and social innovation Initiatives to promote social entrepreneurship and social innovation in the Nordic countries The Nordic countries are currently facing major challenges with regard to maintaining and further developing social welfare. Against this background, the Nordic Council of Ministers decided in autumn 2013 to appoint a working group to map initiatives to support social entrepreneurship and social innovation in the Nordic countries. The main purpose of this mapping is to increase knowledge of initiatives to support social entrepreneurship and social innovation in the Nordic Region in the work to include disadvantaged groups in employment and society. This report presents the results from the mapping and the working group’s recommendations for further follow-up. TemaNord 2015:562 ISBN 978-92-893-4293-3 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4295-7 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4294-0 (EPUB) ISSN 0908-6692 TN2015562 omslag.indd 1 19-08-2015 12:18:53 Social entrepreneurship and social innovation Initiatives to promote social entrepreneurship and social innovation in the Nordic countries TemaNord 2015:562 Social entrepreneurship and social innovation Initiatives to promote social entrepreneurship and social innovation in the Nordic countries ISBN 978-92-893-4293-3 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4295-7 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4294-0 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2015-562 TemaNord 2015:562 ISSN 0908-6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2015 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: ImageSelect Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom- mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/nordpub Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv- ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im- portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Contents Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 9 Part 1 .............................................................................................................................................................17 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................19 1.1 Background ...........................................................................................................................19 1.2 Mandate and composition of the working group ..................................................19 1.3 The working group’s work .............................................................................................21 1.4 The working group’s understanding of its mandate ...........................................21 2. The working group’s recommendations ................................................................................25 2.1 Nordic perspective and joint Nordic cooperation ................................................25 2.2 Terms and understanding – establish a better common basis for further cooperation ...........................................................................................................26 2.3 Practice – promote the exchange of experiences with supportive initiatives ...............................................................................................................................27 2.4 Research and education – enhance the knowledge base ...................................27 2.5 Research and development – establish a joint Nordic centre for knowledge development and the dissemination of knowledge and experiences ...........................................................................................................................28 2.6 Policy – increased cooperation between sectors and ministries ................... 29 2.7 Social entrepreneurship and social innovation as a subject in vocational education .........................................................................................................30 Part 2 .............................................................................................................................................................31 3. Social entrepreneurship and social innovation ...................................................................33 3.1 Definition of social entrepreneurship and social innovation ...........................35 3.2 Social entrepreneurship between state, market and civil society ................. 40 3.3 Themes and definitions with roots in a Nordic perspective ............................48 3.4 Conclusion: Five points that characterise SE and SI in the Nordic Region ......................................................................................................................................59 4. Employment and social inclusion in the Nordic countries .............................................67 4.1 Status and development trends in the Nordic Region ........................................67 4.2 Some groups face greater challenges .........................................................................75 4.3 Initiatives to include disadvantaged groups in employment and society......................................................................................................................................82 Part 3 .............................................................................................................................................................83 5. Initiatives to support social entrepreneurship and social innovation in the Nordic countries ...............................................................................................................................85 5.1 Methodology .........................................................................................................................85 5.2 Initiatives in the Nordic countries in general .........................................................88 6. Initiatives to support social entrepreneurship and social innovation in Denmark ............................................................................................................................................109 6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................109 6.2 The respondents ...............................................................................................................110 6.3 What main types of initiative were mapped? ......................................................111 6.4 To what extent are the initiatives new? .................................................................111 6.5 What are the aims and target group of the initiatives? ....................................112 6.6 How are the initiatives funded? .................................................................................112 6.7 How do the initiatives provide support? ...............................................................113 6.8 To what extent do the initiatives focus on the four characteristics of social entrepreneurship? .........................................................................................119 6.9 Summarising remarks ....................................................................................................120 7. Initiatives to support social entrepreneurship and social innovation in Finland ...............................................................................................................................................121 7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................121 7.2 The respondents ...............................................................................................................122 7.3 What main types of initiative were mapped? ......................................................123 7.4 To what extent are the initiatives new? .................................................................124 7.5 What are the aims and target group of the initiatives? ....................................124 7.6 How are the initiatives funded? .................................................................................125 7.7 How do the initiatives provide support? ...............................................................126 7.8 To what extent do the initiatives focus on the four characteristics of social entrepreneurship? .........................................................................................130 7.9 Summarising remarks ....................................................................................................133