Food for Body and Soul: Mortuary Ritual in Shell Mounds (Laguna - Brazil) Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Klokler, Daniela Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 03:10:02 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193697 FOOD FOR BODY AND SOUL: MORTUARY RITUAL IN SHELL MOUNDS (LAGUNA - BRAZIL) by DANIELA M. KLOKLER _____________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2008 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Daniela Magalhães Klokler entitled Food for Body and Soul: Mortuary Ritual in Shell Mounds (Laguna - Brazil) and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 02/27/2008 Suzanne K. Fish _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 02//27/2008 Paul R. Fish _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 02//27/2008 Michael B. Schiffer _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 02/27/2008 Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 02/27/2008 Steve Lansing Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 02/27/2008 Dissertation Director: (Suzanne K. Fish) 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Daniela Magalhaes Klokler 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am especially indebted to my committee members for their support and help during the entire research process. Paul and Suzy Fish practically adopted me and helped me endure constant visa issues. They are exceptional advisors and their support, and especially their invitation to come to the University of Arizona, completely changed the course of my career (and life). I thank Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman, Michael Schiffer, and Steve Lansing for their valuable insights, advice, and patience. Eduardo Neves, Paul and Suzy Fish, MaDu Gaspar, Levy Figuti, and Marisa Afonso all played decisive roles in transforming me into a student at the University of Arizona. Their encouragement and intellectual stimulation made the dream possible. Paulo DeBlasis courteously granted permission to work with the Sambaquis and Paisagem project and supported my research whenever possible. MaDu Gaspar has been a mentor and role model since the beginning of my academic journey. She is a source of inspiration, support, and knowledge, and was always available to provide assistance. Paula Nishida is a great friend and colleague who has helped me in many ways with her support, knowledge, and friendship through the happy and difficult times. Gislaine, Gisleide, and Gisfrânia not only went out of their way to help with analysis and formatting, but always provided emotional support during the process. Alessandro was always there for me. I also would like to thank Andreas Kneip who graciously allowed use of his maps, and Fabiana Belém, who managed the lithic analysis. Thanks to Joana, Tiago, Daniela, Patricia, Danilo, Sílvia, Marcelle, Alexandre, and, especially, Camila, who helped to process the samples. Marcos upgraded some of the profiles. Ximena Villagrán, thanks for introducing me to the fascinating microworld of Quartzoquis. Sr. Ari deserves special thanks for his incredible assistance in the field and sharing his knowledge. On the American side, Todd read my dissertation proposal and was always there to help me “decompress.” Many thanks to Stacy, Tina, and Sarah for their friendship and good advice, as well as members of the Low Stress Dissertation group, who offered a great way to commiserate, exchange ideas, and relax with friends struggling through the same process. Major sources of financial support for this project include a three year fellowship provided by CAPES and a NSF Dissertation Improvement Grant, but grants from the Department of Anthropology also played a big part in allowing me to continue to work and present the research at archaeological conferences. I would like to thank the faculty and staff of the department for their generosity, thoughtfulness, and effective assistance. My husband, Dave, showed the strength and patience of a true superhero during all stages of the research and writing processes. He edited the chapters and persevered through the challenging process of cross-cultural perspectives on the use of prepositions. He provided advice on everything. His support, friendship and, especially, love kept me sane enough to finish the dissertation. I owe you everything. Muitas saudades! Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents. They supported my choice of becoming an archaeologist and always encouraged me to continue working. They provided financial and emotional support, and, without them I would not have gone this far. 5 Para meus pais, 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ……………………….……………………………………….. 10 LIST OF TABLES ………………………….…………………………………….... 13 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….…... 14 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO A RITUALLY CONSTRUCTED SHELL MOUND: JABUTICABEIRA II.………………………………………..…….… 16 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO JABUTICABEIRA II: A MORTUARY SHELL MOUND………………………………………………………………… 22 RESEARCH GOALS……………………………………………….…………… 26 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION……………………..……............ 28 CHAPTER 2. ANIMALS, RITUAL, AND FEASTING…………………….……... 31 ANIMALS AND RITUAL………………………………………….…………… 32 Characteristics of Ritual Fauna…………………………….………………….. 35 FOOD SHARING AND FEASTS……………………………………………….. 38 FUNERARY FEASTS…………………………………………………………… 44 FEASTS IN SHELL MOUNDS…………………………………………...…….. 46 Brief Presentation of Behavioral Chain of Mound Construction…..………….. 47 Ritual Performance at Jabuticabeira………………………………………..….. 50 CHAPTER 3. SHELL SITES RESEARCH FROM A FAUNAL PERSPECTIVE... 51 Subsistence and Diet…..………………………………………………………. 52 Seasonality.......................…………………………………………...………… 55 Paleoenvironment……………………………………………………………… 57 Ethnography and Ethnoarchaeology…...………………………………............ 58 Formation Processes…………………………………………………………... 60 Social Organization……………………………………………………............. 62 DISCUSSION OF RITUAL IN SHELL SITES…………………………………. 62 Food for Body and Soul……………………………………………….............. 65 CHAPTER 4. NATURAL SETTING AND ETHNOHISTORY OF SOUTHERN SANTA CATARINA…………………...………………………………………... 68 Geomorphology and Hydrology………………………………………………. 68 Climate…………………………………………………………………............ 73 Vegetation……………………………………………………………………... 75 Natural Shell Beds…………………………………………………………...... 76 Summary………………………………………………………………………. 78 CULTURAL SETTING………………………………………………………….. 78 Mollusk Gathering…………………………………………………………….. 79 Fishing………………………………………………………………….....…... 81 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Transportation……………………………………………………………….…. 84 MORTUARY CEREMONIALISM………………………………………….…... 85 Preparing and Feeding the Dead: Examples of Funerary Rites………………... 88 PRESENT COMMUNITY AND SUBSISTENCE….…………………................ 92 Ethnoarchaeology................................................................................................. 93 CHAPTER 5. JABUTICABEIRA II SITE.................................................................. 99 JABUTICABEIRA II: HABITATION OR CEMETERY………………………... 103 Postholes ……………………………………………………………………….. 107 Hearths ………………………………………………………………................ 109 Burials …………………………………………………………………………. 111 Life at the Lagoon: The Bones Speak ……………………………...………….. 118 JABUTICABEIRA II LOCI 120 Locus 1................................................................................................................. 120 Locus 2................................................................................................................. 123 Locus 3................................................................................................................. 126 Locus 4................................................................................................................. 128 Locus 5................................................................................................................